Fix build issues with deprecated functions in C++17

[fergarciadlc]

Overview

This PR fixes build errors encountered when compiling Essentia with C++17 due to the removal of functions deprecated in C++11 (std::bind1st, std::binary_function). These deprecated functions have been replaced by the recommended alternatives (std::bind with placeholders and direct implementation without inheriting from std::binary_function).

Motivation

Ensures compatibility and successful compilation with modern C++ standards (C++17 and newer), improving maintainability and future-proofing the codebase.

Related Issues and Pull Requests

• Issue std::binary_function removed on c++17 #1206: Compilation failure due to the removal of std::binary_function in C++17.
• Pull Request Fixed C++17 compatibility issues #1370: Initial fixes for C++17 compatibility issues.

Solution

Inspired by the work of @wo80 in commit c98daf9, this PR updates the codebase by:

• Removing the use of std::binary_function, which was deprecated in C++11 and removed in C++17.
• Replaced deprecated std::bind1st with std::bind using placeholders (std::placeholders::_1).

These changes align with the ongoing efforts to modernize the build system, as discussed in Issue #1398, which focuses on migrating to CMake and enhancing compatibility with newer toolchains.

Testing

The updates have been tested using the lightweight Waf (with the --std=c++17 flag) build system with the following configuration:

ESS_DIR=$(pwd)
python3 waf configure --build-static --static-dependencies --std=c++17 --lightweight= --out=$ESS_DIR/build/
python3 waf -v
python3 waf install  # May require sudo privileges

Testing was conducted on an Apple Silicon M1 system running macOS Sonoma 14.7.3.

Notes:

• While this PR focuses on updating deprecated functions, it does not address the broader build system migration to CMake.
• Further testing on other platforms and configurations is recommended to ensure comprehensive compatibility.