sty.rs

//! This module contains `TyKind` and its major components.

#![allow(rustc::usage_of_ty_tykind)]

use crate::infer::canonical::Canonical;
use crate::ty::InferTy::*;
use crate::ty::{
    self, AdtDef, BoundRegionKind, Discr, Region, Ty, TyCtxt, TypeFlags, TypeSuperVisitable,
    TypeVisitable, TypeVisitor,
};
use crate::ty::{GenericArg, GenericArgs, GenericArgsRef};
use crate::ty::{List, ParamEnv};
use hir::def::{CtorKind, DefKind};
use rustc_data_structures::captures::Captures;
use rustc_errors::{ErrorGuaranteed, MultiSpan};
use rustc_hir as hir;
use rustc_hir::def_id::DefId;
use rustc_hir::LangItem;
use rustc_macros::{HashStable, Lift, TyDecodable, TyEncodable, TypeFoldable};
use rustc_span::symbol::{sym, Symbol};
use rustc_span::{Span, DUMMY_SP};
use rustc_target::abi::{FieldIdx, VariantIdx, FIRST_VARIANT};
use rustc_target::spec::abi;
use std::assert_matches::debug_assert_matches;
use std::borrow::Cow;
use std::iter;
use std::ops::{ControlFlow, Range};
use ty::util::{AsyncDropGlueMorphology, IntTypeExt};

use rustc_type_ir::TyKind::*;
use rustc_type_ir::{self as ir, BoundVar, CollectAndApply, DynKind};

use super::fold::FnMutDelegate;
use super::GenericParamDefKind;

// Re-export and re-parameterize some `I = TyCtxt<'tcx>` types here
#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "TyKind"]
pub type TyKind<'tcx> = ir::TyKind<TyCtxt<'tcx>>;
pub type TypeAndMut<'tcx> = ir::TypeAndMut<TyCtxt<'tcx>>;
pub type AliasTy<'tcx> = ir::AliasTy<TyCtxt<'tcx>>;
pub type FnSig<'tcx> = ir::FnSig<TyCtxt<'tcx>>;
pub type Binder<'tcx, T> = ir::Binder<TyCtxt<'tcx>, T>;
pub type EarlyBinder<'tcx, T> = ir::EarlyBinder<TyCtxt<'tcx>, T>;

pub trait Article {
    fn article(&self) -> &'static str;
}

impl<'tcx> Article for TyKind<'tcx> {
    /// Get the article ("a" or "an") to use with this type.
    fn article(&self) -> &'static str {
        match self {
            Int(_) | Float(_) | Array(_, _) => "an",
            Adt(def, _) if def.is_enum() => "an",
            // This should never happen, but ICEing and causing the user's code
            // to not compile felt too harsh.
            Error(_) => "a",
            _ => "a",
        }
    }
}

/// A closure can be modeled as a struct that looks like:
/// ```ignore (illustrative)
/// struct Closure<'l0...'li, T0...Tj, CK, CS, U>(...U);
/// ```
/// where:
///
/// - 'l0...'li and T0...Tj are the generic parameters
///   in scope on the function that defined the closure,
/// - CK represents the *closure kind* (Fn vs FnMut vs FnOnce). This
///   is rather hackily encoded via a scalar type. See
///   `Ty::to_opt_closure_kind` for details.
/// - CS represents the *closure signature*, representing as a `fn()`
///   type. For example, `fn(u32, u32) -> u32` would mean that the closure
///   implements `CK<(u32, u32), Output = u32>`, where `CK` is the trait
///   specified above.
/// - U is a type parameter representing the types of its upvars, tupled up
///   (borrowed, if appropriate; that is, if a U field represents a by-ref upvar,
///    and the up-var has the type `Foo`, then that field of U will be `&Foo`).
///
/// So, for example, given this function:
/// ```ignore (illustrative)
/// fn foo<'a, T>(data: &'a mut T) {
///      do(|| data.count += 1)
/// }
/// ```
/// the type of the closure would be something like:
/// ```ignore (illustrative)
/// struct Closure<'a, T, U>(...U);
/// ```
/// Note that the type of the upvar is not specified in the struct.
/// You may wonder how the impl would then be able to use the upvar,
/// if it doesn't know it's type? The answer is that the impl is
/// (conceptually) not fully generic over Closure but rather tied to
/// instances with the expected upvar types:
/// ```ignore (illustrative)
/// impl<'b, 'a, T> FnMut() for Closure<'a, T, (&'b mut &'a mut T,)> {
///     ...
/// }
/// ```
/// You can see that the *impl* fully specified the type of the upvar
/// and thus knows full well that `data` has type `&'b mut &'a mut T`.
/// (Here, I am assuming that `data` is mut-borrowed.)
///
/// Now, the last question you may ask is: Why include the upvar types
/// in an extra type parameter? The reason for this design is that the
/// upvar types can reference lifetimes that are internal to the
/// creating function. In my example above, for example, the lifetime
/// `'b` represents the scope of the closure itself; this is some
/// subset of `foo`, probably just the scope of the call to the to
/// `do()`. If we just had the lifetime/type parameters from the
/// enclosing function, we couldn't name this lifetime `'b`. Note that
/// there can also be lifetimes in the types of the upvars themselves,
/// if one of them happens to be a reference to something that the
/// creating fn owns.
///
/// OK, you say, so why not create a more minimal set of parameters
/// that just includes the extra lifetime parameters? The answer is
/// primarily that it would be hard --- we don't know at the time when
/// we create the closure type what the full types of the upvars are,
/// nor do we know which are borrowed and which are not. In this
/// design, we can just supply a fresh type parameter and figure that
/// out later.
///
/// All right, you say, but why include the type parameters from the
/// original function then? The answer is that codegen may need them
/// when monomorphizing, and they may not appear in the upvars. A
/// closure could capture no variables but still make use of some
/// in-scope type parameter with a bound (e.g., if our example above
/// had an extra `U: Default`, and the closure called `U::default()`).
///
/// There is another reason. This design (implicitly) prohibits
/// closures from capturing themselves (except via a trait
/// object). This simplifies closure inference considerably, since it
/// means that when we infer the kind of a closure or its upvars, we
/// don't have to handle cycles where the decisions we make for
/// closure C wind up influencing the decisions we ought to make for
/// closure C (which would then require fixed point iteration to
/// handle). Plus it fixes an ICE. :P
///
/// ## Coroutines
///
/// Coroutines are handled similarly in `CoroutineArgs`. The set of
/// type parameters is similar, but `CK` and `CS` are replaced by the
/// following type parameters:
///
/// * `GS`: The coroutine's "resume type", which is the type of the
///   argument passed to `resume`, and the type of `yield` expressions
///   inside the coroutine.
/// * `GY`: The "yield type", which is the type of values passed to
///   `yield` inside the coroutine.
/// * `GR`: The "return type", which is the type of value returned upon
///   completion of the coroutine.
/// * `GW`: The "coroutine witness".
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable, Lift)]
pub struct ClosureArgs<'tcx> {
    /// Lifetime and type parameters from the enclosing function,
    /// concatenated with a tuple containing the types of the upvars.
    ///
    /// These are separated out because codegen wants to pass them around
    /// when monomorphizing.
    pub args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
}

/// Struct returned by `split()`.
pub struct ClosureArgsParts<'tcx> {
    /// This is the args of the typeck root.
    pub parent_args: &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>],
    /// Represents the maximum calling capability of the closure.
    pub closure_kind_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// Captures the closure's signature. This closure signature is "tupled", and
    /// thus has a peculiar signature of `extern "rust-call" fn((Args, ...)) -> Ty`.
    pub closure_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// The upvars captured by the closure. Remains an inference variable
    /// until the upvar analysis, which happens late in HIR typeck.
    pub tupled_upvars_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
}

impl<'tcx> ClosureArgs<'tcx> {
    /// Construct `ClosureArgs` from `ClosureArgsParts`, containing `Args`
    /// for the closure parent, alongside additional closure-specific components.
    pub fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, parts: ClosureArgsParts<'tcx>) -> ClosureArgs<'tcx> {
        ClosureArgs {
            args: tcx.mk_args_from_iter(parts.parent_args.iter().copied().chain([
                parts.closure_kind_ty.into(),
                parts.closure_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty.into(),
                parts.tupled_upvars_ty.into(),
            ])),
        }
    }

    /// Divides the closure args into their respective components.
    /// The ordering assumed here must match that used by `ClosureArgs::new` above.
    fn split(self) -> ClosureArgsParts<'tcx> {
        match self.args[..] {
            [ref parent_args @ .., closure_kind_ty, closure_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty, tupled_upvars_ty] => {
                ClosureArgsParts {
                    parent_args,
                    closure_kind_ty: closure_kind_ty.expect_ty(),
                    closure_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty: closure_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty.expect_ty(),
                    tupled_upvars_ty: tupled_upvars_ty.expect_ty(),
                }
            }
            _ => bug!("closure args missing synthetics"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the generic parameters of the closure's parent.
    pub fn parent_args(self) -> &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>] {
        self.split().parent_args
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over the list of types of captured paths by the closure.
    /// In case there was a type error in figuring out the types of the captured path, an
    /// empty iterator is returned.
    #[inline]
    pub fn upvar_tys(self) -> &'tcx List<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match *self.tupled_upvars_ty().kind() {
            TyKind::Error(_) => ty::List::empty(),
            TyKind::Tuple(tys) => tys,
            TyKind::Infer(_) => bug!("upvar_tys called before capture types are inferred"),
            ty => bug!("Unexpected representation of upvar types tuple {:?}", ty),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the tuple type representing the upvars for this closure.
    #[inline]
    pub fn tupled_upvars_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().tupled_upvars_ty
    }

    /// Returns the closure kind for this closure; may return a type
    /// variable during inference. To get the closure kind during
    /// inference, use `infcx.closure_kind(args)`.
    pub fn kind_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().closure_kind_ty
    }

    /// Returns the `fn` pointer type representing the closure signature for this
    /// closure.
    // FIXME(eddyb) this should be unnecessary, as the shallowly resolved
    // type is known at the time of the creation of `ClosureArgs`,
    // see `rustc_hir_analysis::check::closure`.
    pub fn sig_as_fn_ptr_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().closure_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty
    }

    /// Returns the closure kind for this closure; only usable outside
    /// of an inference context, because in that context we know that
    /// there are no type variables.
    ///
    /// If you have an inference context, use `infcx.closure_kind()`.
    pub fn kind(self) -> ty::ClosureKind {
        self.kind_ty().to_opt_closure_kind().unwrap()
    }

    /// Extracts the signature from the closure.
    pub fn sig(self) -> ty::PolyFnSig<'tcx> {
        match *self.sig_as_fn_ptr_ty().kind() {
            ty::FnPtr(sig) => sig,
            ty => bug!("closure_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty is not a fn-ptr: {ty:?}"),
        }
    }

    pub fn print_as_impl_trait(self) -> ty::print::PrintClosureAsImpl<'tcx> {
        ty::print::PrintClosureAsImpl { closure: self }
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable, Lift)]
pub struct CoroutineClosureArgs<'tcx> {
    pub args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
}

/// See docs for explanation of how each argument is used.
///
/// See [`CoroutineClosureSignature`] for how these arguments are put together
/// to make a callable [`FnSig`] suitable for typeck and borrowck.
pub struct CoroutineClosureArgsParts<'tcx> {
    /// This is the args of the typeck root.
    pub parent_args: &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>],
    /// Represents the maximum calling capability of the closure.
    pub closure_kind_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// Represents all of the relevant parts of the coroutine returned by this
    /// coroutine-closure. This signature parts type will have the general
    /// shape of `fn(tupled_inputs, resume_ty) -> (return_ty, yield_ty)`, where
    /// `resume_ty`, `return_ty`, and `yield_ty` are the respective types for the
    /// coroutine returned by the coroutine-closure.
    ///
    /// Use `coroutine_closure_sig` to break up this type rather than using it
    /// yourself.
    pub signature_parts_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// The upvars captured by the closure. Remains an inference variable
    /// until the upvar analysis, which happens late in HIR typeck.
    pub tupled_upvars_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// a function pointer that has the shape `for<'env> fn() -> (&'env T, ...)`.
    /// This allows us to represent the binder of the self-captures of the closure.
    ///
    /// For example, if the coroutine returned by the closure borrows `String`
    /// from the closure's upvars, this will be `for<'env> fn() -> (&'env String,)`,
    /// while the `tupled_upvars_ty`, representing the by-move version of the same
    /// captures, will be `(String,)`.
    pub coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    /// Witness type returned by the generator produced by this coroutine-closure.
    pub coroutine_witness_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
}

impl<'tcx> CoroutineClosureArgs<'tcx> {
    pub fn new(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        parts: CoroutineClosureArgsParts<'tcx>,
    ) -> CoroutineClosureArgs<'tcx> {
        CoroutineClosureArgs {
            args: tcx.mk_args_from_iter(parts.parent_args.iter().copied().chain([
                parts.closure_kind_ty.into(),
                parts.signature_parts_ty.into(),
                parts.tupled_upvars_ty.into(),
                parts.coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty.into(),
                parts.coroutine_witness_ty.into(),
            ])),
        }
    }

    fn split(self) -> CoroutineClosureArgsParts<'tcx> {
        match self.args[..] {
            [
                ref parent_args @ ..,
                closure_kind_ty,
                signature_parts_ty,
                tupled_upvars_ty,
                coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty,
                coroutine_witness_ty,
            ] => CoroutineClosureArgsParts {
                parent_args,
                closure_kind_ty: closure_kind_ty.expect_ty(),
                signature_parts_ty: signature_parts_ty.expect_ty(),
                tupled_upvars_ty: tupled_upvars_ty.expect_ty(),
                coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty: coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty.expect_ty(),
                coroutine_witness_ty: coroutine_witness_ty.expect_ty(),
            },
            _ => bug!("closure args missing synthetics"),
        }
    }

    pub fn parent_args(self) -> &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>] {
        self.split().parent_args
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn upvar_tys(self) -> &'tcx List<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match self.tupled_upvars_ty().kind() {
            TyKind::Error(_) => ty::List::empty(),
            TyKind::Tuple(..) => self.tupled_upvars_ty().tuple_fields(),
            TyKind::Infer(_) => bug!("upvar_tys called before capture types are inferred"),
            ty => bug!("Unexpected representation of upvar types tuple {:?}", ty),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn tupled_upvars_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().tupled_upvars_ty
    }

    pub fn kind_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().closure_kind_ty
    }

    pub fn kind(self) -> ty::ClosureKind {
        self.kind_ty().to_opt_closure_kind().unwrap()
    }

    pub fn signature_parts_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().signature_parts_ty
    }

    pub fn coroutine_closure_sig(self) -> Binder<'tcx, CoroutineClosureSignature<'tcx>> {
        let interior = self.coroutine_witness_ty();
        let ty::FnPtr(sig) = self.signature_parts_ty().kind() else { bug!() };
        sig.map_bound(|sig| {
            let [resume_ty, tupled_inputs_ty] = *sig.inputs() else {
                bug!();
            };
            let [yield_ty, return_ty] = **sig.output().tuple_fields() else { bug!() };
            CoroutineClosureSignature {
                interior,
                tupled_inputs_ty,
                resume_ty,
                yield_ty,
                return_ty,
                c_variadic: sig.c_variadic,
                safety: sig.safety,
                abi: sig.abi,
            }
        })
    }

    pub fn coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty
    }

    pub fn coroutine_witness_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().coroutine_witness_ty
    }

    pub fn has_self_borrows(&self) -> bool {
        match self.coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty().kind() {
            ty::FnPtr(sig) => sig
                .skip_binder()
                .visit_with(&mut HasRegionsBoundAt { binder: ty::INNERMOST })
                .is_break(),
            ty::Error(_) => true,
            _ => bug!(),
        }
    }
}
/// Unlike `has_escaping_bound_vars` or `outermost_exclusive_binder`, this will
/// detect only regions bound *at* the debruijn index.
struct HasRegionsBoundAt {
    binder: ty::DebruijnIndex,
}
// FIXME: Could be optimized to not walk into components with no escaping bound vars.
impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for HasRegionsBoundAt {
    type Result = ControlFlow<()>;
    fn visit_binder<T: TypeVisitable<TyCtxt<'tcx>>>(
        &mut self,
        t: &ty::Binder<'tcx, T>,
    ) -> Self::Result {
        self.binder.shift_in(1);
        t.super_visit_with(self)?;
        self.binder.shift_out(1);
        ControlFlow::Continue(())
    }

    fn visit_region(&mut self, r: ty::Region<'tcx>) -> Self::Result {
        if let ty::ReBound(binder, _) = *r
            && self.binder == binder
        {
            ControlFlow::Break(())
        } else {
            ControlFlow::Continue(())
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable)]
pub struct CoroutineClosureSignature<'tcx> {
    pub interior: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub tupled_inputs_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub resume_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub yield_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub return_ty: Ty<'tcx>,

    // Like the `fn_sig_as_fn_ptr_ty` of a regular closure, these types
    // never actually differ. But we save them rather than recreating them
    // from scratch just for good measure.
    /// Always false
    pub c_variadic: bool,
    /// Always [`hir::Safety::Safe`]
    pub safety: hir::Safety,
    /// Always [`abi::Abi::RustCall`]
    pub abi: abi::Abi,
}

impl<'tcx> CoroutineClosureSignature<'tcx> {
    /// Construct a coroutine from the closure signature. Since a coroutine signature
    /// is agnostic to the type of generator that is returned (by-ref/by-move),
    /// the caller must specify what "flavor" of generator that they'd like to
    /// create. Additionally, they must manually compute the upvars of the closure.
    ///
    /// This helper is not really meant to be used directly except for early on
    /// during typeck, when we want to put inference vars into the kind and upvars tys.
    /// When the kind and upvars are known, use the other helper functions.
    pub fn to_coroutine(
        self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        parent_args: &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>],
        coroutine_kind_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        coroutine_def_id: DefId,
        tupled_upvars_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        let coroutine_args = ty::CoroutineArgs::new(
            tcx,
            ty::CoroutineArgsParts {
                parent_args,
                kind_ty: coroutine_kind_ty,
                resume_ty: self.resume_ty,
                yield_ty: self.yield_ty,
                return_ty: self.return_ty,
                witness: self.interior,
                tupled_upvars_ty,
            },
        );

        Ty::new_coroutine(tcx, coroutine_def_id, coroutine_args.args)
    }

    /// Given known upvars and a [`ClosureKind`](ty::ClosureKind), compute the coroutine
    /// returned by that corresponding async fn trait.
    ///
    /// This function expects the upvars to have been computed already, and doesn't check
    /// that the `ClosureKind` is actually supported by the coroutine-closure.
    pub fn to_coroutine_given_kind_and_upvars(
        self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        parent_args: &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>],
        coroutine_def_id: DefId,
        goal_kind: ty::ClosureKind,
        env_region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
        closure_tupled_upvars_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        let tupled_upvars_ty = Self::tupled_upvars_by_closure_kind(
            tcx,
            goal_kind,
            self.tupled_inputs_ty,
            closure_tupled_upvars_ty,
            coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty,
            env_region,
        );

        self.to_coroutine(
            tcx,
            parent_args,
            Ty::from_coroutine_closure_kind(tcx, goal_kind),
            coroutine_def_id,
            tupled_upvars_ty,
        )
    }

    /// Compute the tupled upvars that a coroutine-closure's output coroutine
    /// would return for the given `ClosureKind`.
    ///
    /// When `ClosureKind` is `FnMut`/`Fn`, then this will use the "captures by ref"
    /// to return a set of upvars which are borrowed with the given `env_region`.
    ///
    /// This ensures that the `AsyncFn::call` will return a coroutine whose upvars'
    /// lifetimes are related to the lifetime of the borrow on the closure made for
    /// the call. This allows borrowck to enforce the self-borrows correctly.
    pub fn tupled_upvars_by_closure_kind(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        kind: ty::ClosureKind,
        tupled_inputs_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        closure_tupled_upvars_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        env_region: ty::Region<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match kind {
            ty::ClosureKind::Fn | ty::ClosureKind::FnMut => {
                let ty::FnPtr(sig) = *coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty.kind() else {
                    bug!();
                };
                let coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty = tcx.replace_escaping_bound_vars_uncached(
                    sig.output().skip_binder(),
                    FnMutDelegate {
                        consts: &mut |c, t| ty::Const::new_bound(tcx, ty::INNERMOST, c, t),
                        types: &mut |t| Ty::new_bound(tcx, ty::INNERMOST, t),
                        regions: &mut |_| env_region,
                    },
                );
                Ty::new_tup_from_iter(
                    tcx,
                    tupled_inputs_ty
                        .tuple_fields()
                        .iter()
                        .chain(coroutine_captures_by_ref_ty.tuple_fields()),
                )
            }
            ty::ClosureKind::FnOnce => Ty::new_tup_from_iter(
                tcx,
                tupled_inputs_ty
                    .tuple_fields()
                    .iter()
                    .chain(closure_tupled_upvars_ty.tuple_fields()),
            ),
        }
    }
}
/// Similar to `ClosureArgs`; see the above documentation for more.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable)]
pub struct CoroutineArgs<'tcx> {
    pub args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
}

pub struct CoroutineArgsParts<'tcx> {
    /// This is the args of the typeck root.
    pub parent_args: &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>],

    /// The coroutines returned by a coroutine-closure's `AsyncFnOnce`/`AsyncFnMut`
    /// implementations must be distinguished since the former takes the closure's
    /// upvars by move, and the latter takes the closure's upvars by ref.
    ///
    /// This field distinguishes these fields so that codegen can select the right
    /// body for the coroutine. This has the same type representation as the closure
    /// kind: `i8`/`i16`/`i32`.
    ///
    /// For regular coroutines, this field will always just be `()`.
    pub kind_ty: Ty<'tcx>,

    pub resume_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub yield_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub return_ty: Ty<'tcx>,

    /// The interior type of the coroutine.
    /// Represents all types that are stored in locals
    /// in the coroutine's body.
    pub witness: Ty<'tcx>,

    /// The upvars captured by the closure. Remains an inference variable
    /// until the upvar analysis, which happens late in HIR typeck.
    pub tupled_upvars_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
}

impl<'tcx> CoroutineArgs<'tcx> {
    /// Construct `CoroutineArgs` from `CoroutineArgsParts`, containing `Args`
    /// for the coroutine parent, alongside additional coroutine-specific components.
    pub fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, parts: CoroutineArgsParts<'tcx>) -> CoroutineArgs<'tcx> {
        CoroutineArgs {
            args: tcx.mk_args_from_iter(parts.parent_args.iter().copied().chain([
                parts.kind_ty.into(),
                parts.resume_ty.into(),
                parts.yield_ty.into(),
                parts.return_ty.into(),
                parts.witness.into(),
                parts.tupled_upvars_ty.into(),
            ])),
        }
    }

    /// Divides the coroutine args into their respective components.
    /// The ordering assumed here must match that used by `CoroutineArgs::new` above.
    fn split(self) -> CoroutineArgsParts<'tcx> {
        match self.args[..] {
            [
                ref parent_args @ ..,
                kind_ty,
                resume_ty,
                yield_ty,
                return_ty,
                witness,
                tupled_upvars_ty,
            ] => CoroutineArgsParts {
                parent_args,
                kind_ty: kind_ty.expect_ty(),
                resume_ty: resume_ty.expect_ty(),
                yield_ty: yield_ty.expect_ty(),
                return_ty: return_ty.expect_ty(),
                witness: witness.expect_ty(),
                tupled_upvars_ty: tupled_upvars_ty.expect_ty(),
            },
            _ => bug!("coroutine args missing synthetics"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the generic parameters of the coroutine's parent.
    pub fn parent_args(self) -> &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>] {
        self.split().parent_args
    }

    // Returns the kind of the coroutine. See docs on the `kind_ty` field.
    pub fn kind_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().kind_ty
    }

    /// This describes the types that can be contained in a coroutine.
    /// It will be a type variable initially and unified in the last stages of typeck of a body.
    /// It contains a tuple of all the types that could end up on a coroutine frame.
    /// The state transformation MIR pass may only produce layouts which mention types
    /// in this tuple. Upvars are not counted here.
    pub fn witness(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().witness
    }

    /// Returns an iterator over the list of types of captured paths by the coroutine.
    /// In case there was a type error in figuring out the types of the captured path, an
    /// empty iterator is returned.
    #[inline]
    pub fn upvar_tys(self) -> &'tcx List<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match *self.tupled_upvars_ty().kind() {
            TyKind::Error(_) => ty::List::empty(),
            TyKind::Tuple(tys) => tys,
            TyKind::Infer(_) => bug!("upvar_tys called before capture types are inferred"),
            ty => bug!("Unexpected representation of upvar types tuple {:?}", ty),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the tuple type representing the upvars for this coroutine.
    #[inline]
    pub fn tupled_upvars_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().tupled_upvars_ty
    }

    /// Returns the type representing the resume type of the coroutine.
    pub fn resume_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().resume_ty
    }

    /// Returns the type representing the yield type of the coroutine.
    pub fn yield_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().yield_ty
    }

    /// Returns the type representing the return type of the coroutine.
    pub fn return_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().return_ty
    }

    /// Returns the "coroutine signature", which consists of its resume, yield
    /// and return types.
    pub fn sig(self) -> GenSig<'tcx> {
        let parts = self.split();
        ty::GenSig {
            resume_ty: parts.resume_ty,
            yield_ty: parts.yield_ty,
            return_ty: parts.return_ty,
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> CoroutineArgs<'tcx> {
    /// Coroutine has not been resumed yet.
    pub const UNRESUMED: usize = 0;
    /// Coroutine has returned or is completed.
    pub const RETURNED: usize = 1;
    /// Coroutine has been poisoned.
    pub const POISONED: usize = 2;

    const UNRESUMED_NAME: &'static str = "Unresumed";
    const RETURNED_NAME: &'static str = "Returned";
    const POISONED_NAME: &'static str = "Panicked";

    /// The valid variant indices of this coroutine.
    #[inline]
    pub fn variant_range(&self, def_id: DefId, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Range<VariantIdx> {
        // FIXME requires optimized MIR
        FIRST_VARIANT
            ..tcx.coroutine_layout(def_id, tcx.types.unit).unwrap().variant_fields.next_index()
    }

    /// The discriminant for the given variant. Panics if the `variant_index` is
    /// out of range.
    #[inline]
    pub fn discriminant_for_variant(
        &self,
        def_id: DefId,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        variant_index: VariantIdx,
    ) -> Discr<'tcx> {
        // Coroutines don't support explicit discriminant values, so they are
        // the same as the variant index.
        assert!(self.variant_range(def_id, tcx).contains(&variant_index));
        Discr { val: variant_index.as_usize() as u128, ty: self.discr_ty(tcx) }
    }

    /// The set of all discriminants for the coroutine, enumerated with their
    /// variant indices.
    #[inline]
    pub fn discriminants(
        self,
        def_id: DefId,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item = (VariantIdx, Discr<'tcx>)> + Captures<'tcx> {
        self.variant_range(def_id, tcx).map(move |index| {
            (index, Discr { val: index.as_usize() as u128, ty: self.discr_ty(tcx) })
        })
    }

    /// Calls `f` with a reference to the name of the enumerator for the given
    /// variant `v`.
    pub fn variant_name(v: VariantIdx) -> Cow<'static, str> {
        match v.as_usize() {
            Self::UNRESUMED => Cow::from(Self::UNRESUMED_NAME),
            Self::RETURNED => Cow::from(Self::RETURNED_NAME),
            Self::POISONED => Cow::from(Self::POISONED_NAME),
            _ => Cow::from(format!("Suspend{}", v.as_usize() - 3)),
        }
    }

    /// The type of the state discriminant used in the coroutine type.
    #[inline]
    pub fn discr_ty(&self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        tcx.types.u32
    }

    /// This returns the types of the MIR locals which had to be stored across suspension points.
    /// It is calculated in rustc_mir_transform::coroutine::StateTransform.
    /// All the types here must be in the tuple in CoroutineInterior.
    ///
    /// The locals are grouped by their variant number. Note that some locals may
    /// be repeated in multiple variants.
    #[inline]
    pub fn state_tys(
        self,
        def_id: DefId,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
    ) -> impl Iterator<Item: Iterator<Item = Ty<'tcx>> + Captures<'tcx>> {
        let layout = tcx.coroutine_layout(def_id, self.kind_ty()).unwrap();
        layout.variant_fields.iter().map(move |variant| {
            variant.iter().map(move |field| {
                ty::EarlyBinder::bind(layout.field_tys[*field].ty).instantiate(tcx, self.args)
            })
        })
    }

    /// This is the types of the fields of a coroutine which are not stored in a
    /// variant.
    #[inline]
    pub fn prefix_tys(self) -> &'tcx List<Ty<'tcx>> {
        self.upvar_tys()
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, HashStable, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable)]
pub enum UpvarArgs<'tcx> {
    Closure(GenericArgsRef<'tcx>),
    Coroutine(GenericArgsRef<'tcx>),
    CoroutineClosure(GenericArgsRef<'tcx>),
}

impl<'tcx> UpvarArgs<'tcx> {
    /// Returns an iterator over the list of types of captured paths by the closure/coroutine.
    /// In case there was a type error in figuring out the types of the captured path, an
    /// empty iterator is returned.
    #[inline]
    pub fn upvar_tys(self) -> &'tcx List<Ty<'tcx>> {
        let tupled_tys = match self {
            UpvarArgs::Closure(args) => args.as_closure().tupled_upvars_ty(),
            UpvarArgs::Coroutine(args) => args.as_coroutine().tupled_upvars_ty(),
            UpvarArgs::CoroutineClosure(args) => args.as_coroutine_closure().tupled_upvars_ty(),
        };

        match tupled_tys.kind() {
            TyKind::Error(_) => ty::List::empty(),
            TyKind::Tuple(..) => self.tupled_upvars_ty().tuple_fields(),
            TyKind::Infer(_) => bug!("upvar_tys called before capture types are inferred"),
            ty => bug!("Unexpected representation of upvar types tuple {:?}", ty),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn tupled_upvars_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match self {
            UpvarArgs::Closure(args) => args.as_closure().tupled_upvars_ty(),
            UpvarArgs::Coroutine(args) => args.as_coroutine().tupled_upvars_ty(),
            UpvarArgs::CoroutineClosure(args) => args.as_coroutine_closure().tupled_upvars_ty(),
        }
    }
}

/// An inline const is modeled like
/// ```ignore (illustrative)
/// const InlineConst<'l0...'li, T0...Tj, R>: R;
/// ```
/// where:
///
/// - 'l0...'li and T0...Tj are the generic parameters
///   inherited from the item that defined the inline const,
/// - R represents the type of the constant.
///
/// When the inline const is instantiated, `R` is instantiated as the actual inferred
/// type of the constant. The reason that `R` is represented as an extra type parameter
/// is the same reason that [`ClosureArgs`] have `CS` and `U` as type parameters:
/// inline const can reference lifetimes that are internal to the creating function.
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct InlineConstArgs<'tcx> {
    /// Generic parameters from the enclosing item,
    /// concatenated with the inferred type of the constant.
    pub args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
}

/// Struct returned by `split()`.
pub struct InlineConstArgsParts<'tcx, T> {
    pub parent_args: &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>],
    pub ty: T,
}

impl<'tcx> InlineConstArgs<'tcx> {
    /// Construct `InlineConstArgs` from `InlineConstArgsParts`.
    pub fn new(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        parts: InlineConstArgsParts<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>>,
    ) -> InlineConstArgs<'tcx> {
        InlineConstArgs {
            args: tcx.mk_args_from_iter(
                parts.parent_args.iter().copied().chain(std::iter::once(parts.ty.into())),
            ),
        }
    }

    /// Divides the inline const args into their respective components.
    /// The ordering assumed here must match that used by `InlineConstArgs::new` above.
    fn split(self) -> InlineConstArgsParts<'tcx, GenericArg<'tcx>> {
        match self.args[..] {
            [ref parent_args @ .., ty] => InlineConstArgsParts { parent_args, ty },
            _ => bug!("inline const args missing synthetics"),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the generic parameters of the inline const's parent.
    pub fn parent_args(self) -> &'tcx [GenericArg<'tcx>] {
        self.split().parent_args
    }

    /// Returns the type of this inline const.
    pub fn ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        self.split().ty.expect_ty()
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, TyEncodable, TyDecodable)]
#[derive(HashStable)]
pub enum BoundVariableKind {
    Ty(BoundTyKind),
    Region(BoundRegionKind),
    Const,
}

impl BoundVariableKind {
    pub fn expect_region(self) -> BoundRegionKind {
        match self {
            BoundVariableKind::Region(lt) => lt,
            _ => bug!("expected a region, but found another kind"),
        }
    }

    pub fn expect_ty(self) -> BoundTyKind {
        match self {
            BoundVariableKind::Ty(ty) => ty,
            _ => bug!("expected a type, but found another kind"),
        }
    }

    pub fn expect_const(self) {
        match self {
            BoundVariableKind::Const => (),
            _ => bug!("expected a const, but found another kind"),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, TypeFoldable, TypeVisitable)]
pub struct GenSig<'tcx> {
    pub resume_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub yield_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
    pub return_ty: Ty<'tcx>,
}

pub type PolyFnSig<'tcx> = Binder<'tcx, FnSig<'tcx>>;
pub type CanonicalPolyFnSig<'tcx> = Canonical<'tcx, Binder<'tcx, FnSig<'tcx>>>;

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, TyEncodable, TyDecodable)]
#[derive(HashStable)]
pub struct ParamTy {
    pub index: u32,
    pub name: Symbol,
}

impl rustc_type_ir::inherent::ParamLike for ParamTy {
    fn index(self) -> u32 {
        self.index
    }
}

impl<'tcx> ParamTy {
    pub fn new(index: u32, name: Symbol) -> ParamTy {
        ParamTy { index, name }
    }

    pub fn for_def(def: &ty::GenericParamDef) -> ParamTy {
        ParamTy::new(def.index, def.name)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn to_ty(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_param(tcx, self.index, self.name)
    }

    pub fn span_from_generics(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, item_with_generics: DefId) -> Span {
        let generics = tcx.generics_of(item_with_generics);
        let type_param = generics.type_param(self, tcx);
        tcx.def_span(type_param.def_id)
    }
}

#[derive(Copy, Clone, Hash, TyEncodable, TyDecodable, Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd)]
#[derive(HashStable)]
pub struct ParamConst {
    pub index: u32,
    pub name: Symbol,
}

impl rustc_type_ir::inherent::ParamLike for ParamConst {
    fn index(self) -> u32 {
        self.index
    }
}

impl ParamConst {
    pub fn new(index: u32, name: Symbol) -> ParamConst {
        ParamConst { index, name }
    }

    pub fn for_def(def: &ty::GenericParamDef) -> ParamConst {
        ParamConst::new(def.index, def.name)
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, TyEncodable, TyDecodable)]
#[derive(HashStable)]
pub struct BoundTy {
    pub var: BoundVar,
    pub kind: BoundTyKind,
}

impl<'tcx> rustc_type_ir::inherent::BoundVarLike<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for BoundTy {
    fn var(self) -> BoundVar {
        self.var
    }

    fn assert_eq(self, var: ty::BoundVariableKind) {
        assert_eq!(self.kind, var.expect_ty())
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, TyEncodable, TyDecodable)]
#[derive(HashStable)]
pub enum BoundTyKind {
    Anon,
    Param(DefId, Symbol),
}

impl From<BoundVar> for BoundTy {
    fn from(var: BoundVar) -> Self {
        BoundTy { var, kind: BoundTyKind::Anon }
    }
}

/// Constructors for `Ty`
impl<'tcx> Ty<'tcx> {
    /// Avoid using this in favour of more specific `new_*` methods, where possible.
    /// The more specific methods will often optimize their creation.
    #[allow(rustc::usage_of_ty_tykind)]
    #[inline]
    pub fn new(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, st: TyKind<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        tcx.mk_ty_from_kind(st)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_infer(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, infer: ty::InferTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, TyKind::Infer(infer))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_var(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, v: ty::TyVid) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        // Use a pre-interned one when possible.
        tcx.types
            .ty_vars
            .get(v.as_usize())
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Ty::new(tcx, Infer(TyVar(v))))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_int_var(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, v: ty::IntVid) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_infer(tcx, IntVar(v))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_float_var(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, v: ty::FloatVid) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_infer(tcx, FloatVar(v))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_fresh(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, n: u32) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        // Use a pre-interned one when possible.
        tcx.types
            .fresh_tys
            .get(n as usize)
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Ty::new_infer(tcx, ty::FreshTy(n)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_fresh_int(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, n: u32) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        // Use a pre-interned one when possible.
        tcx.types
            .fresh_int_tys
            .get(n as usize)
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Ty::new_infer(tcx, ty::FreshIntTy(n)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_fresh_float(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, n: u32) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        // Use a pre-interned one when possible.
        tcx.types
            .fresh_float_tys
            .get(n as usize)
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| Ty::new_infer(tcx, ty::FreshFloatTy(n)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_param(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, index: u32, name: Symbol) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        tcx.mk_ty_from_kind(Param(ParamTy { index, name }))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_bound(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        index: ty::DebruijnIndex,
        bound_ty: ty::BoundTy,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Bound(index, bound_ty))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_placeholder(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, placeholder: ty::PlaceholderType) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Placeholder(placeholder))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_alias(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        kind: ty::AliasTyKind,
        alias_ty: ty::AliasTy<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        debug_assert_matches!(
            (kind, tcx.def_kind(alias_ty.def_id)),
            (ty::Opaque, DefKind::OpaqueTy)
                | (ty::Projection | ty::Inherent, DefKind::AssocTy)
                | (ty::Weak, DefKind::TyAlias)
        );
        Ty::new(tcx, Alias(kind, alias_ty))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_pat(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, base: Ty<'tcx>, pat: ty::Pattern<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Pat(base, pat))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_opaque(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, def_id: DefId, args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_alias(tcx, ty::Opaque, AliasTy::new(tcx, def_id, args))
    }

    /// Constructs a `TyKind::Error` type with current `ErrorGuaranteed`
    pub fn new_error(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, guar: ErrorGuaranteed) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Error(guar))
    }

    /// Constructs a `TyKind::Error` type and registers a `span_delayed_bug` to ensure it gets used.
    #[track_caller]
    pub fn new_misc_error(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_error_with_message(tcx, DUMMY_SP, "TyKind::Error constructed but no error reported")
    }

    /// Constructs a `TyKind::Error` type and registers a `span_delayed_bug` with the given `msg` to
    /// ensure it gets used.
    #[track_caller]
    pub fn new_error_with_message<S: Into<MultiSpan>>(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        span: S,
        msg: impl Into<Cow<'static, str>>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        let reported = tcx.dcx().span_delayed_bug(span, msg);
        Ty::new(tcx, Error(reported))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_int(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, i: ty::IntTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        use ty::IntTy::*;
        match i {
            Isize => tcx.types.isize,
            I8 => tcx.types.i8,
            I16 => tcx.types.i16,
            I32 => tcx.types.i32,
            I64 => tcx.types.i64,
            I128 => tcx.types.i128,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_uint(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ui: ty::UintTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        use ty::UintTy::*;
        match ui {
            Usize => tcx.types.usize,
            U8 => tcx.types.u8,
            U16 => tcx.types.u16,
            U32 => tcx.types.u32,
            U64 => tcx.types.u64,
            U128 => tcx.types.u128,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_float(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, f: ty::FloatTy) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        use ty::FloatTy::*;
        match f {
            F16 => tcx.types.f16,
            F32 => tcx.types.f32,
            F64 => tcx.types.f64,
            F128 => tcx.types.f128,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_ref(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        r: Region<'tcx>,
        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        mutbl: ty::Mutability,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Ref(r, ty, mutbl))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_mut_ref(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, r: Region<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_ref(tcx, r, ty, hir::Mutability::Mut)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_imm_ref(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, r: Region<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_ref(tcx, r, ty, hir::Mutability::Not)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_ptr(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, mutbl: ty::Mutability) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, ty::RawPtr(ty, mutbl))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_mut_ptr(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_ptr(tcx, ty, hir::Mutability::Mut)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_imm_ptr(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_ptr(tcx, ty, hir::Mutability::Not)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_adt(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, def: AdtDef<'tcx>, args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        tcx.debug_assert_args_compatible(def.did(), args);
        Ty::new(tcx, Adt(def, args))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_foreign(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, def_id: DefId) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Foreign(def_id))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_array(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, n: u64) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Array(ty, ty::Const::from_target_usize(tcx, n)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_array_with_const_len(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        ct: ty::Const<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Array(ty, ct))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_slice(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Slice(ty))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_tup(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ts: &[Ty<'tcx>]) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        if ts.is_empty() { tcx.types.unit } else { Ty::new(tcx, Tuple(tcx.mk_type_list(ts))) }
    }

    pub fn new_tup_from_iter<I, T>(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, iter: I) -> T::Output
    where
        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
        T: CollectAndApply<Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>>,
    {
        T::collect_and_apply(iter, |ts| Ty::new_tup(tcx, ts))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_fn_def(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        def_id: DefId,
        args: impl IntoIterator<Item: Into<GenericArg<'tcx>>>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        debug_assert_matches!(
            tcx.def_kind(def_id),
            DefKind::AssocFn | DefKind::Fn | DefKind::Ctor(_, CtorKind::Fn)
        );
        let args = tcx.check_and_mk_args(def_id, args);
        Ty::new(tcx, FnDef(def_id, args))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_fn_ptr(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, fty: PolyFnSig<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, FnPtr(fty))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_dynamic(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        obj: &'tcx List<ty::PolyExistentialPredicate<'tcx>>,
        reg: ty::Region<'tcx>,
        repr: DynKind,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, Dynamic(obj, reg, repr))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_projection(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        item_def_id: DefId,
        args: impl IntoIterator<Item: Into<GenericArg<'tcx>>>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_alias(tcx, ty::Projection, AliasTy::new(tcx, item_def_id, args))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_closure(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        def_id: DefId,
        closure_args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        tcx.debug_assert_args_compatible(def_id, closure_args);
        Ty::new(tcx, Closure(def_id, closure_args))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_coroutine_closure(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        def_id: DefId,
        closure_args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        tcx.debug_assert_args_compatible(def_id, closure_args);
        Ty::new(tcx, CoroutineClosure(def_id, closure_args))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_coroutine(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        def_id: DefId,
        coroutine_args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        tcx.debug_assert_args_compatible(def_id, coroutine_args);
        Ty::new(tcx, Coroutine(def_id, coroutine_args))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_coroutine_witness(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        id: DefId,
        args: GenericArgsRef<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new(tcx, CoroutineWitness(id, args))
    }

    // misc

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_static_str(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        Ty::new_imm_ref(tcx, tcx.lifetimes.re_static, tcx.types.str_)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_diverging_default(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        if tcx.features().never_type_fallback { tcx.types.never } else { tcx.types.unit }
    }

    // lang and diagnostic tys

    fn new_generic_adt(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, wrapper_def_id: DefId, ty_param: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        let adt_def = tcx.adt_def(wrapper_def_id);
        let args = GenericArgs::for_item(tcx, wrapper_def_id, |param, args| match param.kind {
            GenericParamDefKind::Lifetime | GenericParamDefKind::Const { .. } => bug!(),
            GenericParamDefKind::Type { has_default, .. } => {
                if param.index == 0 {
                    ty_param.into()
                } else {
                    assert!(has_default);
                    tcx.type_of(param.def_id).instantiate(tcx, args).into()
                }
            }
        });
        Ty::new(tcx, Adt(adt_def, args))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_lang_item(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, item: LangItem) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
        let def_id = tcx.lang_items().get(item)?;
        Some(Ty::new_generic_adt(tcx, def_id, ty))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_diagnostic_item(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>, name: Symbol) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
        let def_id = tcx.get_diagnostic_item(name)?;
        Some(Ty::new_generic_adt(tcx, def_id, ty))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_box(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        let def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::OwnedBox, None);
        Ty::new_generic_adt(tcx, def_id, ty)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn new_maybe_uninit(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, ty: Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        let def_id = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::MaybeUninit, None);
        Ty::new_generic_adt(tcx, def_id, ty)
    }

    /// Creates a `&mut Context<'_>` [`Ty`] with erased lifetimes.
    pub fn new_task_context(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        let context_did = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::Context, None);
        let context_adt_ref = tcx.adt_def(context_did);
        let context_args = tcx.mk_args(&[tcx.lifetimes.re_erased.into()]);
        let context_ty = Ty::new_adt(tcx, context_adt_ref, context_args);
        Ty::new_mut_ref(tcx, tcx.lifetimes.re_erased, context_ty)
    }
}

impl<'tcx> rustc_type_ir::inherent::Ty<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for Ty<'tcx> {
    fn new_bool(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Self {
        tcx.types.bool
    }

    fn new_infer(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, infer: ty::InferTy) -> Self {
        Ty::new_infer(tcx, infer)
    }

    fn new_var(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, vid: ty::TyVid) -> Self {
        Ty::new_var(tcx, vid)
    }

    fn new_bound(interner: TyCtxt<'tcx>, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex, var: ty::BoundTy) -> Self {
        Ty::new_bound(interner, debruijn, var)
    }

    fn new_anon_bound(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, debruijn: ty::DebruijnIndex, var: ty::BoundVar) -> Self {
        Ty::new_bound(tcx, debruijn, ty::BoundTy { var, kind: ty::BoundTyKind::Anon })
    }

    fn new_alias(
        interner: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        kind: ty::AliasTyKind,
        alias_ty: ty::AliasTy<'tcx>,
    ) -> Self {
        Ty::new_alias(interner, kind, alias_ty)
    }
}

/// Type utilities
impl<'tcx> Ty<'tcx> {
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn kind(self) -> &'tcx TyKind<'tcx> {
        self.0.0
    }

    // FIXME(compiler-errors): Think about removing this.
    #[inline(always)]
    pub fn flags(self) -> TypeFlags {
        self.0.0.flags
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_unit(self) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            Tuple(tys) => tys.is_empty(),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_never(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Never)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_primitive(self) -> bool {
        self.kind().is_primitive()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_adt(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Adt(..))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_ref(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Ref(..))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_ty_var(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Infer(TyVar(_)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn ty_vid(self) -> Option<ty::TyVid> {
        match self.kind() {
            &Infer(TyVar(vid)) => Some(vid),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_ty_or_numeric_infer(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Infer(_))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_phantom_data(self) -> bool {
        if let Adt(def, _) = self.kind() { def.is_phantom_data() } else { false }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_bool(self) -> bool {
        *self.kind() == Bool
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this type is a `str`.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_str(self) -> bool {
        *self.kind() == Str
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_param(self, index: u32) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            ty::Param(ref data) => data.index == index,
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_slice(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Slice(_))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_array_slice(self) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            Slice(_) => true,
            ty::RawPtr(ty, _) | Ref(_, ty, _) => matches!(ty.kind(), Slice(_)),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_array(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Array(..))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_simd(self) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            Adt(def, _) => def.repr().simd(),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    pub fn sequence_element_type(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match self.kind() {
            Array(ty, _) | Slice(ty) => *ty,
            Str => tcx.types.u8,
            _ => bug!("`sequence_element_type` called on non-sequence value: {}", self),
        }
    }

    pub fn simd_size_and_type(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> (u64, Ty<'tcx>) {
        match self.kind() {
            Adt(def, args) => {
                assert!(def.repr().simd(), "`simd_size_and_type` called on non-SIMD type");
                let variant = def.non_enum_variant();
                let f0_ty = variant.fields[FieldIdx::ZERO].ty(tcx, args);

                match f0_ty.kind() {
                    // If the first field is an array, we assume it is the only field and its
                    // elements are the SIMD components.
                    Array(f0_elem_ty, f0_len) => {
                        // FIXME(repr_simd): https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/78863#discussion_r522784112
                        // The way we evaluate the `N` in `[T; N]` here only works since we use
                        // `simd_size_and_type` post-monomorphization. It will probably start to ICE
                        // if we use it in generic code. See the `simd-array-trait` ui test.
                        (f0_len.eval_target_usize(tcx, ParamEnv::empty()), *f0_elem_ty)
                    }
                    // Otherwise, the fields of this Adt are the SIMD components (and we assume they
                    // all have the same type).
                    _ => (variant.fields.len() as u64, f0_ty),
                }
            }
            _ => bug!("`simd_size_and_type` called on invalid type"),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_mutable_ptr(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), RawPtr(_, hir::Mutability::Mut) | Ref(_, _, hir::Mutability::Mut))
    }

    /// Get the mutability of the reference or `None` when not a reference
    #[inline]
    pub fn ref_mutability(self) -> Option<hir::Mutability> {
        match self.kind() {
            Ref(_, _, mutability) => Some(*mutability),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_unsafe_ptr(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), RawPtr(_, _))
    }

    /// Tests if this is any kind of primitive pointer type (reference, raw pointer, fn pointer).
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_any_ptr(self) -> bool {
        self.is_ref() || self.is_unsafe_ptr() || self.is_fn_ptr()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_box(self) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            Adt(def, _) => def.is_box(),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Tests whether this is a Box using the global allocator.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_box_global(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            Adt(def, args) if def.is_box() => {
                let Some(alloc) = args.get(1) else {
                    // Single-argument Box is always global. (for "minicore" tests)
                    return true;
                };
                alloc.expect_ty().ty_adt_def().is_some_and(|alloc_adt| {
                    let global_alloc = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::GlobalAlloc, None);
                    alloc_adt.did() == global_alloc
                })
            }
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Panics if called on any type other than `Box<T>`.
    pub fn boxed_ty(self) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match self.kind() {
            Adt(def, args) if def.is_box() => args.type_at(0),
            _ => bug!("`boxed_ty` is called on non-box type {:?}", self),
        }
    }

    /// A scalar type is one that denotes an atomic datum, with no sub-components.
    /// (A RawPtr is scalar because it represents a non-managed pointer, so its
    /// contents are abstract to rustc.)
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_scalar(self) -> bool {
        matches!(
            self.kind(),
            Bool | Char
                | Int(_)
                | Float(_)
                | Uint(_)
                | FnDef(..)
                | FnPtr(_)
                | RawPtr(_, _)
                | Infer(IntVar(_) | FloatVar(_))
        )
    }

    /// Returns `true` if this type is a floating point type.
    #[inline]
    pub fn is_floating_point(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Float(_) | Infer(FloatVar(_)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_trait(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Dynamic(_, _, ty::Dyn))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_dyn_star(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Dynamic(_, _, ty::DynStar))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_enum(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Adt(adt_def, _) if adt_def.is_enum())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_union(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Adt(adt_def, _) if adt_def.is_union())
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_closure(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Closure(..))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_coroutine(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Coroutine(..))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_coroutine_closure(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), CoroutineClosure(..))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_integral(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Infer(IntVar(_)) | Int(_) | Uint(_))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_fresh_ty(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Infer(FreshTy(_)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_fresh(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Infer(FreshTy(_) | FreshIntTy(_) | FreshFloatTy(_)))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_char(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Char)
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_numeric(self) -> bool {
        self.is_integral() || self.is_floating_point()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_signed(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Int(_))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_ptr_sized_integral(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Int(ty::IntTy::Isize) | Uint(ty::UintTy::Usize))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn has_concrete_skeleton(self) -> bool {
        !matches!(self.kind(), Param(_) | Infer(_) | Error(_))
    }

    /// Checks whether a type recursively contains another type
    ///
    /// Example: `Option<()>` contains `()`
    pub fn contains(self, other: Ty<'tcx>) -> bool {
        struct ContainsTyVisitor<'tcx>(Ty<'tcx>);

        impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ContainsTyVisitor<'tcx> {
            type Result = ControlFlow<()>;

            fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Self::Result {
                if self.0 == t { ControlFlow::Break(()) } else { t.super_visit_with(self) }
            }
        }

        let cf = self.visit_with(&mut ContainsTyVisitor(other));
        cf.is_break()
    }

    /// Checks whether a type recursively contains any closure
    ///
    /// Example: `Option<{closure@file.rs:4:20}>` returns true
    pub fn contains_closure(self) -> bool {
        struct ContainsClosureVisitor;

        impl<'tcx> TypeVisitor<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for ContainsClosureVisitor {
            type Result = ControlFlow<()>;

            fn visit_ty(&mut self, t: Ty<'tcx>) -> Self::Result {
                if let ty::Closure(..) = t.kind() {
                    ControlFlow::Break(())
                } else {
                    t.super_visit_with(self)
                }
            }
        }

        let cf = self.visit_with(&mut ContainsClosureVisitor);
        cf.is_break()
    }

    /// Returns the type and mutability of `*ty`.
    ///
    /// The parameter `explicit` indicates if this is an *explicit* dereference.
    /// Some types -- notably unsafe ptrs -- can only be dereferenced explicitly.
    pub fn builtin_deref(self, explicit: bool) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match *self.kind() {
            Adt(def, _) if def.is_box() => Some(self.boxed_ty()),
            Ref(_, ty, _) => Some(ty),
            RawPtr(ty, _) if explicit => Some(ty),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the type of `ty[i]`.
    pub fn builtin_index(self) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match self.kind() {
            Array(ty, _) | Slice(ty) => Some(*ty),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    pub fn fn_sig(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> PolyFnSig<'tcx> {
        match self.kind() {
            FnDef(def_id, args) => tcx.fn_sig(*def_id).instantiate(tcx, args),
            FnPtr(f) => *f,
            Error(_) => {
                // ignore errors (#54954)
                Binder::dummy(ty::FnSig {
                    inputs_and_output: ty::List::empty(),
                    c_variadic: false,
                    safety: hir::Safety::Safe,
                    abi: abi::Abi::Rust,
                })
            }
            Closure(..) => bug!(
                "to get the signature of a closure, use `args.as_closure().sig()` not `fn_sig()`",
            ),
            _ => bug!("Ty::fn_sig() called on non-fn type: {:?}", self),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_fn(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), FnDef(..) | FnPtr(_))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_fn_ptr(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), FnPtr(_))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_impl_trait(self) -> bool {
        matches!(self.kind(), Alias(ty::Opaque, ..))
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn ty_adt_def(self) -> Option<AdtDef<'tcx>> {
        match self.kind() {
            Adt(adt, _) => Some(*adt),
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Iterates over tuple fields.
    /// Panics when called on anything but a tuple.
    #[inline]
    pub fn tuple_fields(self) -> &'tcx List<Ty<'tcx>> {
        match self.kind() {
            Tuple(args) => args,
            _ => bug!("tuple_fields called on non-tuple: {self:?}"),
        }
    }

    /// If the type contains variants, returns the valid range of variant indices.
    //
    // FIXME: This requires the optimized MIR in the case of coroutines.
    #[inline]
    pub fn variant_range(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Option<Range<VariantIdx>> {
        match self.kind() {
            TyKind::Adt(adt, _) => Some(adt.variant_range()),
            TyKind::Coroutine(def_id, args) => {
                Some(args.as_coroutine().variant_range(*def_id, tcx))
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// If the type contains variants, returns the variant for `variant_index`.
    /// Panics if `variant_index` is out of range.
    //
    // FIXME: This requires the optimized MIR in the case of coroutines.
    #[inline]
    pub fn discriminant_for_variant(
        self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        variant_index: VariantIdx,
    ) -> Option<Discr<'tcx>> {
        match self.kind() {
            TyKind::Adt(adt, _) if adt.is_enum() => {
                Some(adt.discriminant_for_variant(tcx, variant_index))
            }
            TyKind::Coroutine(def_id, args) => {
                Some(args.as_coroutine().discriminant_for_variant(*def_id, tcx, variant_index))
            }
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    /// Returns the type of the discriminant of this type.
    pub fn discriminant_ty(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match self.kind() {
            ty::Adt(adt, _) if adt.is_enum() => adt.repr().discr_type().to_ty(tcx),
            ty::Coroutine(_, args) => args.as_coroutine().discr_ty(tcx),

            ty::Param(_) | ty::Alias(..) | ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
                let assoc_items = tcx.associated_item_def_ids(
                    tcx.require_lang_item(hir::LangItem::DiscriminantKind, None),
                );
                Ty::new_projection(tcx, assoc_items[0], tcx.mk_args(&[self.into()]))
            }

            ty::Pat(ty, _) => ty.discriminant_ty(tcx),

            ty::Bool
            | ty::Char
            | ty::Int(_)
            | ty::Uint(_)
            | ty::Float(_)
            | ty::Adt(..)
            | ty::Foreign(_)
            | ty::Str
            | ty::Array(..)
            | ty::Slice(_)
            | ty::RawPtr(_, _)
            | ty::Ref(..)
            | ty::FnDef(..)
            | ty::FnPtr(..)
            | ty::Dynamic(..)
            | ty::Closure(..)
            | ty::CoroutineClosure(..)
            | ty::CoroutineWitness(..)
            | ty::Never
            | ty::Tuple(_)
            | ty::Error(_)
            | ty::Infer(IntVar(_) | FloatVar(_)) => tcx.types.u8,

            ty::Bound(..)
            | ty::Placeholder(_)
            | ty::Infer(FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_)) => {
                bug!("`discriminant_ty` applied to unexpected type: {:?}", self)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Returns the type of the async destructor of this type.
    pub fn async_destructor_ty(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match self.async_drop_glue_morphology(tcx) {
            AsyncDropGlueMorphology::Noop => {
                return Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropNoop)
                    .instantiate_identity();
            }
            AsyncDropGlueMorphology::DeferredDropInPlace => {
                let drop_in_place =
                    Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropDeferredDropInPlace)
                        .instantiate(tcx, &[self.into()]);
                return Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropFuse)
                    .instantiate(tcx, &[drop_in_place.into()]);
            }
            AsyncDropGlueMorphology::Custom => (),
        }

        match *self.kind() {
            ty::Param(_) | ty::Alias(..) | ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => {
                let assoc_items = tcx
                    .associated_item_def_ids(tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::AsyncDestruct, None));
                Ty::new_projection(tcx, assoc_items[0], [self])
            }

            ty::Array(elem_ty, _) | ty::Slice(elem_ty) => {
                let dtor = Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropSlice)
                    .instantiate(tcx, &[elem_ty.into()]);
                Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropFuse)
                    .instantiate(tcx, &[dtor.into()])
            }

            ty::Adt(adt_def, args) if adt_def.is_enum() || adt_def.is_struct() => self
                .adt_async_destructor_ty(
                    tcx,
                    adt_def.variants().iter().map(|v| v.fields.iter().map(|f| f.ty(tcx, args))),
                ),
            ty::Tuple(tys) => self.adt_async_destructor_ty(tcx, iter::once(tys)),
            ty::Closure(_, args) => {
                self.adt_async_destructor_ty(tcx, iter::once(args.as_closure().upvar_tys()))
            }
            ty::CoroutineClosure(_, args) => self
                .adt_async_destructor_ty(tcx, iter::once(args.as_coroutine_closure().upvar_tys())),

            ty::Adt(adt_def, _) => {
                assert!(adt_def.is_union());

                let surface_drop = self.surface_async_dropper_ty(tcx).unwrap();

                Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropFuse)
                    .instantiate(tcx, &[surface_drop.into()])
            }

            ty::Bound(..)
            | ty::Foreign(_)
            | ty::Placeholder(_)
            | ty::Infer(ty::FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_)) => {
                bug!("`async_destructor_ty` applied to unexpected type: {self:?}")
            }

            _ => bug!("`async_destructor_ty` is not yet implemented for type: {self:?}"),
        }
    }

    fn adt_async_destructor_ty<I>(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, variants: I) -> Ty<'tcx>
    where
        I: Iterator + ExactSizeIterator,
        I::Item: IntoIterator<Item = Ty<'tcx>>,
    {
        debug_assert_eq!(self.async_drop_glue_morphology(tcx), AsyncDropGlueMorphology::Custom);

        let defer = Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropDefer);
        let chain = Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropChain);

        let noop =
            Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropNoop).instantiate_identity();
        let either = Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropEither);

        let variants_dtor = variants
            .into_iter()
            .map(|variant| {
                variant
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|ty| defer.instantiate(tcx, &[ty.into()]))
                    .reduce(|acc, next| chain.instantiate(tcx, &[acc.into(), next.into()]))
                    .unwrap_or(noop)
            })
            .reduce(|other, matched| {
                either.instantiate(tcx, &[other.into(), matched.into(), self.into()])
            })
            .unwrap();

        let dtor = if let Some(dropper_ty) = self.surface_async_dropper_ty(tcx) {
            Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropChain)
                .instantiate(tcx, &[dropper_ty.into(), variants_dtor.into()])
        } else {
            variants_dtor
        };

        Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, LangItem::AsyncDropFuse)
            .instantiate(tcx, &[dtor.into()])
    }

    fn surface_async_dropper_ty(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> Option<Ty<'tcx>> {
        let adt_def = self.ty_adt_def()?;
        let dropper = adt_def
            .async_destructor(tcx)
            .map(|_| LangItem::SurfaceAsyncDropInPlace)
            .or_else(|| adt_def.destructor(tcx).map(|_| LangItem::AsyncDropSurfaceDropInPlace))?;
        Some(Ty::async_destructor_combinator(tcx, dropper).instantiate(tcx, &[self.into()]))
    }

    fn async_destructor_combinator(
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        lang_item: LangItem,
    ) -> ty::EarlyBinder<'tcx, Ty<'tcx>> {
        tcx.fn_sig(tcx.require_lang_item(lang_item, None))
            .map_bound(|fn_sig| fn_sig.output().no_bound_vars().unwrap())
    }

    /// Returns the type of metadata for (potentially fat) pointers to this type,
    /// or the struct tail if the metadata type cannot be determined.
    pub fn ptr_metadata_ty_or_tail(
        self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        normalize: impl FnMut(Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx>,
    ) -> Result<Ty<'tcx>, Ty<'tcx>> {
        let tail = tcx.struct_tail_with_normalize(self, normalize, || {});
        match tail.kind() {
            // Sized types
            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_) | ty::FloatVar(_))
            | ty::Uint(_)
            | ty::Int(_)
            | ty::Bool
            | ty::Float(_)
            | ty::FnDef(..)
            | ty::FnPtr(_)
            | ty::RawPtr(..)
            | ty::Char
            | ty::Ref(..)
            | ty::Coroutine(..)
            | ty::CoroutineWitness(..)
            | ty::Array(..)
            | ty::Closure(..)
            | ty::CoroutineClosure(..)
            | ty::Never
            | ty::Error(_)
            // Extern types have metadata = ().
            | ty::Foreign(..)
            // `dyn*` has metadata = ().
            | ty::Dynamic(_, _, ty::DynStar)
            // If returned by `struct_tail_with_normalize` this is a unit struct
            // without any fields, or not a struct, and therefore is Sized.
            | ty::Adt(..)
            // If returned by `struct_tail_with_normalize` this is the empty tuple,
            // a.k.a. unit type, which is Sized
            | ty::Tuple(..) => Ok(tcx.types.unit),

            ty::Str | ty::Slice(_) => Ok(tcx.types.usize),

            ty::Dynamic(_, _, ty::Dyn) => {
                let dyn_metadata = tcx.require_lang_item(LangItem::DynMetadata, None);
                Ok(tcx.type_of(dyn_metadata).instantiate(tcx, &[tail.into()]))
            }

            // We don't know the metadata of `self`, but it must be equal to the
            // metadata of `tail`.
            ty::Param(_) | ty::Alias(..) => Err(tail),

            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_))
            | ty::Pat(..)
            | ty::Bound(..)
            | ty::Placeholder(..)
            | ty::Infer(ty::FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_)) => bug!(
                "`ptr_metadata_ty_or_tail` applied to unexpected type: {self:?} (tail = {tail:?})"
            ),
        }
    }

    /// Returns the type of metadata for (potentially fat) pointers to this type.
    /// Causes an ICE if the metadata type cannot be determined.
    pub fn ptr_metadata_ty(
        self,
        tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>,
        normalize: impl FnMut(Ty<'tcx>) -> Ty<'tcx>,
    ) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match self.ptr_metadata_ty_or_tail(tcx, normalize) {
            Ok(metadata) => metadata,
            Err(tail) => bug!(
                "`ptr_metadata_ty` failed to get metadata for type: {self:?} (tail = {tail:?})"
            ),
        }
    }

    /// When we create a closure, we record its kind (i.e., what trait
    /// it implements, constrained by how it uses its borrows) into its
    /// [`ty::ClosureArgs`] or [`ty::CoroutineClosureArgs`] using a type
    /// parameter. This is kind of a phantom type, except that the
    /// most convenient thing for us to are the integral types. This
    /// function converts such a special type into the closure
    /// kind. To go the other way, use [`Ty::from_closure_kind`].
    ///
    /// Note that during type checking, we use an inference variable
    /// to represent the closure kind, because it has not yet been
    /// inferred. Once upvar inference (in `rustc_hir_analysis/src/check/upvar.rs`)
    /// is complete, that type variable will be unified with one of
    /// the integral types.
    ///
    /// ```rust,ignore (snippet of compiler code)
    /// if let TyKind::Closure(def_id, args) = closure_ty.kind()
    ///     && let Some(closure_kind) = args.as_closure().kind_ty().to_opt_closure_kind()
    /// {
    ///     println!("{closure_kind:?}");
    /// } else if let TyKind::CoroutineClosure(def_id, args) = closure_ty.kind()
    ///     && let Some(closure_kind) = args.as_coroutine_closure().kind_ty().to_opt_closure_kind()
    /// {
    ///     println!("{closure_kind:?}");
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// After upvar analysis, you should instead use [`ClosureArgs::kind()`]
    /// or [`CoroutineClosureArgs::kind()`] to assert that the `ClosureKind`
    /// has been constrained instead of manually calling this method.
    ///
    /// ```rust,ignore (snippet of compiler code)
    /// if let TyKind::Closure(def_id, args) = closure_ty.kind()
    /// {
    ///     println!("{:?}", args.as_closure().kind());
    /// } else if let TyKind::CoroutineClosure(def_id, args) = closure_ty.kind()
    /// {
    ///     println!("{:?}", args.as_coroutine_closure().kind());
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn to_opt_closure_kind(self) -> Option<ty::ClosureKind> {
        match self.kind() {
            Int(int_ty) => match int_ty {
                ty::IntTy::I8 => Some(ty::ClosureKind::Fn),
                ty::IntTy::I16 => Some(ty::ClosureKind::FnMut),
                ty::IntTy::I32 => Some(ty::ClosureKind::FnOnce),
                _ => bug!("cannot convert type `{:?}` to a closure kind", self),
            },

            // "Bound" types appear in canonical queries when the
            // closure type is not yet known, and `Placeholder` and `Param`
            // may be encountered in generic `AsyncFnKindHelper` goals.
            Bound(..) | Placeholder(_) | Param(_) | Infer(_) => None,

            Error(_) => Some(ty::ClosureKind::Fn),

            _ => bug!("cannot convert type `{:?}` to a closure kind", self),
        }
    }

    /// Inverse of [`Ty::to_opt_closure_kind`]. See docs on that method
    /// for explanation of the relationship between `Ty` and [`ty::ClosureKind`].
    pub fn from_closure_kind(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, kind: ty::ClosureKind) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match kind {
            ty::ClosureKind::Fn => tcx.types.i8,
            ty::ClosureKind::FnMut => tcx.types.i16,
            ty::ClosureKind::FnOnce => tcx.types.i32,
        }
    }

    /// Like [`Ty::to_opt_closure_kind`], but it caps the "maximum" closure kind
    /// to `FnMut`. This is because although we have three capability states,
    /// `AsyncFn`/`AsyncFnMut`/`AsyncFnOnce`, we only need to distinguish two coroutine
    /// bodies: by-ref and by-value.
    ///
    /// See the definition of `AsyncFn` and `AsyncFnMut` and the `CallRefFuture`
    /// associated type for why we don't distinguish [`ty::ClosureKind::Fn`] and
    /// [`ty::ClosureKind::FnMut`] for the purpose of the generated MIR bodies.
    ///
    /// This method should be used when constructing a `Coroutine` out of a
    /// `CoroutineClosure`, when the `Coroutine`'s `kind` field is being populated
    /// directly from the `CoroutineClosure`'s `kind`.
    pub fn from_coroutine_closure_kind(tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>, kind: ty::ClosureKind) -> Ty<'tcx> {
        match kind {
            ty::ClosureKind::Fn | ty::ClosureKind::FnMut => tcx.types.i16,
            ty::ClosureKind::FnOnce => tcx.types.i32,
        }
    }

    /// Fast path helper for testing if a type is `Sized`.
    ///
    /// Returning true means the type is known to be sized. Returning
    /// `false` means nothing -- could be sized, might not be.
    ///
    /// Note that we could never rely on the fact that a type such as `[_]` is
    /// trivially `!Sized` because we could be in a type environment with a
    /// bound such as `[_]: Copy`. A function with such a bound obviously never
    /// can be called, but that doesn't mean it shouldn't typecheck. This is why
    /// this method doesn't return `Option<bool>`.
    pub fn is_trivially_sized(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'tcx>) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            ty::Infer(ty::IntVar(_) | ty::FloatVar(_))
            | ty::Uint(_)
            | ty::Int(_)
            | ty::Bool
            | ty::Float(_)
            | ty::FnDef(..)
            | ty::FnPtr(_)
            | ty::RawPtr(..)
            | ty::Char
            | ty::Ref(..)
            | ty::Coroutine(..)
            | ty::CoroutineWitness(..)
            | ty::Array(..)
            | ty::Pat(..)
            | ty::Closure(..)
            | ty::CoroutineClosure(..)
            | ty::Never
            | ty::Error(_)
            | ty::Dynamic(_, _, ty::DynStar) => true,

            ty::Str | ty::Slice(_) | ty::Dynamic(_, _, ty::Dyn) | ty::Foreign(..) => false,

            ty::Tuple(tys) => tys.last().map_or(true, |ty| ty.is_trivially_sized(tcx)),

            ty::Adt(def, args) => def
                .sized_constraint(tcx)
                .map_or(true, |ty| ty.instantiate(tcx, args).is_trivially_sized(tcx)),

            ty::Alias(..) | ty::Param(_) | ty::Placeholder(..) | ty::Bound(..) => false,

            ty::Infer(ty::TyVar(_)) => false,

            ty::Infer(ty::FreshTy(_) | ty::FreshIntTy(_) | ty::FreshFloatTy(_)) => {
                bug!("`is_trivially_sized` applied to unexpected type: {:?}", self)
            }
        }
    }

    /// Fast path helper for primitives which are always `Copy` and which
    /// have a side-effect-free `Clone` impl.
    ///
    /// Returning true means the type is known to be pure and `Copy+Clone`.
    /// Returning `false` means nothing -- could be `Copy`, might not be.
    ///
    /// This is mostly useful for optimizations, as these are the types
    /// on which we can replace cloning with dereferencing.
    pub fn is_trivially_pure_clone_copy(self) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            ty::Bool | ty::Char | ty::Never => true,

            // These aren't even `Clone`
            ty::Str | ty::Slice(..) | ty::Foreign(..) | ty::Dynamic(..) => false,

            ty::Infer(ty::InferTy::FloatVar(_) | ty::InferTy::IntVar(_))
            | ty::Int(..)
            | ty::Uint(..)
            | ty::Float(..) => true,

            // ZST which can't be named are fine.
            ty::FnDef(..) => true,

            ty::Array(element_ty, _len) => element_ty.is_trivially_pure_clone_copy(),

            // A 100-tuple isn't "trivial", so doing this only for reasonable sizes.
            ty::Tuple(field_tys) => {
                field_tys.len() <= 3 && field_tys.iter().all(Self::is_trivially_pure_clone_copy)
            }

            ty::Pat(ty, _) => ty.is_trivially_pure_clone_copy(),

            // Sometimes traits aren't implemented for every ABI or arity,
            // because we can't be generic over everything yet.
            ty::FnPtr(..) => false,

            // Definitely absolutely not copy.
            ty::Ref(_, _, hir::Mutability::Mut) => false,

            // Thin pointers & thin shared references are pure-clone-copy, but for
            // anything with custom metadata it might be more complicated.
            ty::Ref(_, _, hir::Mutability::Not) | ty::RawPtr(..) => false,

            ty::Coroutine(..) | ty::CoroutineWitness(..) => false,

            // Might be, but not "trivial" so just giving the safe answer.
            ty::Adt(..) | ty::Closure(..) | ty::CoroutineClosure(..) => false,

            // Needs normalization or revealing to determine, so no is the safe answer.
            ty::Alias(..) => false,

            ty::Param(..) | ty::Infer(..) | ty::Error(..) => false,

            ty::Bound(..) | ty::Placeholder(..) => {
                bug!("`is_trivially_pure_clone_copy` applied to unexpected type: {:?}", self);
            }
        }
    }

    /// If `self` is a primitive, return its [`Symbol`].
    pub fn primitive_symbol(self) -> Option<Symbol> {
        match self.kind() {
            ty::Bool => Some(sym::bool),
            ty::Char => Some(sym::char),
            ty::Float(f) => match f {
                ty::FloatTy::F16 => Some(sym::f16),
                ty::FloatTy::F32 => Some(sym::f32),
                ty::FloatTy::F64 => Some(sym::f64),
                ty::FloatTy::F128 => Some(sym::f128),
            },
            ty::Int(f) => match f {
                ty::IntTy::Isize => Some(sym::isize),
                ty::IntTy::I8 => Some(sym::i8),
                ty::IntTy::I16 => Some(sym::i16),
                ty::IntTy::I32 => Some(sym::i32),
                ty::IntTy::I64 => Some(sym::i64),
                ty::IntTy::I128 => Some(sym::i128),
            },
            ty::Uint(f) => match f {
                ty::UintTy::Usize => Some(sym::usize),
                ty::UintTy::U8 => Some(sym::u8),
                ty::UintTy::U16 => Some(sym::u16),
                ty::UintTy::U32 => Some(sym::u32),
                ty::UintTy::U64 => Some(sym::u64),
                ty::UintTy::U128 => Some(sym::u128),
            },
            _ => None,
        }
    }

    pub fn is_c_void(self, tcx: TyCtxt<'_>) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            ty::Adt(adt, _) => tcx.lang_items().get(LangItem::CVoid) == Some(adt.did()),
            _ => false,
        }
    }

    /// Returns `true` when the outermost type cannot be further normalized,
    /// resolved, or instantiated. This includes all primitive types, but also
    /// things like ADTs and trait objects, sice even if their arguments or
    /// nested types may be further simplified, the outermost [`TyKind`] or
    /// type constructor remains the same.
    pub fn is_known_rigid(self) -> bool {
        match self.kind() {
            Bool
            | Char
            | Int(_)
            | Uint(_)
            | Float(_)
            | Adt(_, _)
            | Foreign(_)
            | Str
            | Array(_, _)
            | Pat(_, _)
            | Slice(_)
            | RawPtr(_, _)
            | Ref(_, _, _)
            | FnDef(_, _)
            | FnPtr(_)
            | Dynamic(_, _, _)
            | Closure(_, _)
            | CoroutineClosure(_, _)
            | Coroutine(_, _)
            | CoroutineWitness(..)
            | Never
            | Tuple(_) => true,
            Error(_) | Infer(_) | Alias(_, _) | Param(_) | Bound(_, _) | Placeholder(_) => false,
        }
    }
}

impl<'tcx> rustc_type_ir::inherent::Tys<TyCtxt<'tcx>> for &'tcx ty::List<Ty<'tcx>> {
    fn split_inputs_and_output(self) -> (&'tcx [Ty<'tcx>], Ty<'tcx>) {
        let (output, inputs) = self.split_last().unwrap();
        (inputs, *output)
    }
}

/// Extra information about why we ended up with a particular variance.
/// This is only used to add more information to error messages, and
/// has no effect on soundness. While choosing the 'wrong' `VarianceDiagInfo`
/// may lead to confusing notes in error messages, it will never cause
/// a miscompilation or unsoundness.
///
/// When in doubt, use `VarianceDiagInfo::default()`
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx> {
    /// No additional information - this is the default.
    /// We will not add any additional information to error messages.
    #[default]
    None,
    /// We switched our variance because a generic argument occurs inside
    /// the invariant generic argument of another type.
    Invariant {
        /// The generic type containing the generic parameter
        /// that changes the variance (e.g. `*mut T`, `MyStruct<T>`)
        ty: Ty<'tcx>,
        /// The index of the generic parameter being used
        /// (e.g. `0` for `*mut T`, `1` for `MyStruct<'CovariantParam, 'InvariantParam>`)
        param_index: u32,
    },
}

impl<'tcx> VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx> {
    /// Mirrors `Variance::xform` - used to 'combine' the existing
    /// and new `VarianceDiagInfo`s when our variance changes.
    pub fn xform(self, other: VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>) -> VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx> {
        // For now, just use the first `VarianceDiagInfo::Invariant` that we see
        match self {
            VarianceDiagInfo::None => other,
            VarianceDiagInfo::Invariant { .. } => self,
        }
    }
}

// Some types are used a lot. Make sure they don't unintentionally get bigger.
#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
mod size_asserts {
    use super::*;
    use rustc_data_structures::static_assert_size;
    // tidy-alphabetical-start
    static_assert_size!(ty::RegionKind<'_>, 24);
    static_assert_size!(ty::TyKind<'_>, 32);
    // tidy-alphabetical-end
}