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implement a pendant to `Cstr::from_bytes_until_nul` #1452

Job	Run time
testmiri	1m 34s
test	25s
testtsan (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, --release)	44s
testtsan (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu)	39s
style	15s
testcfail	24s
clippy	16s
testcpass (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu, --release)	17s
testcpass (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu)	16s
doc	30s
check (riscv32imc-unknown-none-elf)	35s
check (i686-unknown-linux-musl)	39s
testcpass (i686-unknown-linux-musl)	20s
check (armv7r-none-eabi)	35s
check (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu)	26s
check (thumbv8m.main-none-eabi)	38s
check (thumbv6m-none-eabi)	41s
check (thumbv8m.base-none-eabi)	37s
check (thumbv7m-none-eabi)	39s
testcpass (i686-unknown-linux-musl, --release)	19s
	10m 49s

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