PHPCS: enable caching between runs

Since PHPCS 3.0.0, PHPCS has a caching feature available. In this PR, this caching feature is now turned on for this repo.

This means in effect that the very first run of PHPCS with this feature will be marginally slower (on any individual machine). Most runs _after_ that though, will be significantly faster as PHPCS will only scan the files which have changed since the previous run.

The cache will automatically be invalidated and rebuild whenever relevant, like when the version of one of the PHPCS dependencies has changed or when PHPCS itself has been changed.

To (temporarily) turn caching off, run PHPCS like so:
```bash
composer check-cs -- --no-cache
```

The cache file is set to be saved to a `.cache` directory to allow Travis to benefit from this feature as well.
As this directory _has_ to exist for the cache file to be written to it, it is created and committed to the repo with a `.gitkeep` file

Commit details:

`/.cache/` directory:
* Create the directory and place a `.gitkeep` file in it to allow it to be committed.

PHPCS config file:
* Enable the caching feature to a fixed file called `/.cache/phpcs.cache`.

`.gitignore`:
* Prevent committing of the cache file.

`.gitattributes`:
* Do not include the `.cache` directory in distributable archives.

Travis:
* Use the Travis caching feature to cache the new `.cache` directory (including the cache file) between runs to allow Travis to benefit from the PHPCS caching as well.

Author: jrfnl

.cache/.gitkeep

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This directory has to exist to allow cache files to be written to it.

.gitattributes

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 # https://www.reddit.com/r/PHP/comments/2jzp6k/i_dont_need_your_tests_in_my_production
 # https://blog.madewithlove.be/post/gitattributes/
 #
+.cache export-ignore
 .github export-ignore
 grunt export-ignore
 tests export-ignore

.gitignore

@@ -9,4 +9,5 @@ nightwatch.conf.js
 
 phpcs.xml
 .phpcs.xml
+.cache/phpcs.cache
 phpunit.xml

.phpcs.xml.dist

@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
 	<!-- Check up to 8 files simultaneously. -->
 	<arg name="parallel" value="8"/>
 
+	<!-- Cache the results between runs. -->
+	<arg name="cache" value="./.cache/phpcs.cache"/>
+
 
 	<!--
 	#############################################################################

.travis.yml

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ dist: trusty
 cache:
   yarn: true
   directories:
+    - .cache
     - vendor
     # Cache directory for older Composer versions.
     - $HOME/.composer/cache/files