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@inproceedings{mckee_relationship_1993,
address = {Anaheim},
title = {The {Relationship} of {Drought} {Frequency} and {Duration} to {Time} {Scales}},
language = {en},
booktitle = {8th {Conference} on {Applied} {Climatology}, {Am}. {Meteorol}. {Soc}.},
publisher = {American Meteorological Society},
author = {McKee, Thomas B. and Doesken, Nolan J. and Kleist, John},
year = {1993}
}
@book{gladstones_viticulture_1992,
address = {Adelaide},
title = {Viticulture and {Environment}},
isbn = {1-875130-12-3},
publisher = {Winetitles},
author = {Gladstones, John},
year = {1992}
}
@book{gladstones_wine_2011,
address = {Adelaide},
title = {{Wine}, {Terroir} and {Climate Change}},
isbn = {978-1-74305-032-3},
publisher = {Wakefield Press},
author = {Gladstones, John},
year = {2011}
}
@incollection{huglin_nouveau_1978,
address = {Constança, Roumanie},
series = {1},
title = {Nouveau mode d'évaluation des possibilités héliothermiques d'un milieu viticole},
booktitle = {Symposium {International} sur l'Écologie de la {Vigne}},
publisher = {Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Industrie Alimentaire},
author = {Huglin, Pierre},
language = {fr},
year = {1978},
pages = {89--98}
}
@book{huglin_biologie_1998,
address = {Paris, France},
title = {Biologie et {Écologie} de la {Vigne}},
isbn = {978-2743002602},
author = {Huglin, Pierre and Schneider, Christophe},
publisher = {Tec et Doc},
language = {fr},
year = {1998},
month = {aug},
pages = {1--370}
}
@article{tonietto_multicriteria_2004,
title = {A multicriteria climatic classification system for grape-growing regions
worldwide},
volume = {124},
issn = {0168-1923},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192304000115},
doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.06.001},
abstract = {This study concerns firstly the methodology to describe the climate of
vineyards, on a macroclimate scale of viticultural regions worldwide. Three synthetic
and complementary viticultural climatic indices (potential water balance of the soil
over the growing cycle, heliothermal conditions over the growing cycle and night
temperature during maturation), validated as descriptors, are used: (1) dryness index
(DI) which corresponds to the potential water balance of the soil of Riou’s index, here
adapted using precise conditions to calculate it, as an indicator of the level of
presence-absence of dryness; (2) heliothermal index (HI) which corresponds to Huglin’s
heliothermal index; (3) cool night index (CI) an index developed as an indicator of
night temperature conditions during maturation. These indices are representative of the
variability of the viticultural climate worldwide, related to the requirements of
varieties, vintage quality (sugar, colour, aroma), and typeness of the wines. A
Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (Géoviticulture MCC System) for the
grape-growing regions worldwide is formulated based on classes for each of the three
climate indices, with elements to explain the results. Three formulated concepts
provide the system base: viticultural climate, climatic group and viticultural climate
with intra-annual variability (for warm regions with more than one harvest a year in
natural climate conditions). The application of the Géoviticulture Multicriteria
Climatic Classification System is presented for 97 grape-growing regions in 29
countries. The system is a research tool for grape-growing and wine-making zoning. It
also enables work at different levels on the scale, on a world-wide scale or larger –
the large grape-growing region, the small grape-growing region, as shown by the studies
performed. It allows relating the viticultural climate to the elements of grape quality
and the typeness of the wines considering the climatic zone.},
number = {1–2},
urldate = {2014-02-19},
journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
author = {Tonietto, Jorge and Carbonneau, Alain},
month = {jul},
year = {2004},
keywords = {Climate classification, Climate models, Vineyard, Water balance, Zoning},
pages = {81--97}
}
@article{jackson_prediction_1988,
title = {Prediction of a {District}'s {Grape}-{Ripening} {Capacity} {Using} a
{Latitude}-{Temperature} {Index} ({LTI})},
volume = {39},
url = {https://www.ajevonline.org/content/39/1/19.abstract},
abstract = {A district's grape-ripening capacity has previously been related to the
area's growing degree days (DD) or the mean temperature of the warmest month (MTWM). It
has been observed that grape cultivars ripened in parts of New Zealand where they did
not fulfill the DD or MTWM criteria used for Europe or North America; thus, an attempt
was made to find a more universal index. Cultivars were divided into four distinct
groups, based on their ripening requirements, and 14 indices were tested for their
ability to relate the groups to the districts in which they are known to ripen.
Seventy-eight locations in Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand were used.
Three groups of locations were adequately separated using DD or MTWM and a different
three by latitude. All groups were separated, by an index combining latitude and MTWM.
This is termed the latitude-temperature index (LTI) and has more general usefulness for
all areas than any other index tested. LTI = MTWM (60 - latitude).},
number = {1},
urldate = {2022-11-16},
journal = {American Journal of Enology and Viticulture},
author = {Jackson, D. I. and Cherry, N. J.},
month = {jan},
year = {1988},
keywords = {climate, degree days, Grapes, Grapevines, heat units, latitude-temperature
index, LTI, Vitis vinifera},
pages = {19--28}
}
@article{hall_spatial_2010,
title = {Spatial analysis of climate in winegrape-growing regions in {Australia}},
volume = {16},
copyright = {© 2010 Australian Society of Viticulture and Oenology Inc.},
issn = {1755-0238},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2010.00100.x/abstract},
doi = {10.1111/j.1755-0238.2010.00100.x},
abstract = {Background and Aims: Temperature-based indices are commonly used to indicate
long-term suitability of climate for commercially viable winegrape production of
different grapevine cultivars, but their calculation has been inconsistent and often
inconsiderate of within-region spatial variability. This paper (i) investigates and
quantifies differences between four such indices; and (ii) quantifies the within-region
spatial variability for each Australian wine region. Methods and Results: Four commonly
used indices describing winegrape growing suitability were calculated for each
Australian geographic indication (GI) using temperature data from 1971 to 2000.
Within-region spatial variability was determined for each index using a geographic
information system. The sets of indices were compared with each other using first- and
second-order polynomial regression. Heat-sum temperature indices were strongly related
to the simple measure of mean growing season temperature, but variation resulted in
some differences between indices. Conclusion: Temperature regime differences between
the same region pairs varied depending upon which index was employed. Spatial
variability of the climate indices within some regions led to significant overlap with
other regions; knowledge of the climate distribution provides a better understanding of
the range of cultivar suitability within each region. Significance of the Study:
Within-region spatial variability and the use of different indices over inconsistent
time periods to describe temperature regimes have, before now, made comparisons of
climates between viticulture regions difficult. Consistent calculations of indices, and
quantification of spatial variability, enabled comparisons of Australian GIs to be made
both within Australia and with American Viticultural Areas in the western United
States.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2016-07-08},
journal = {Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research},
author = {Hall, A. and Jones, Gregory V.},
month = {oct},
year = {2010},
keywords = {Australian geographic indication, climate, degree-day, viticulture, wine},
pages = {389--404}
}
@article{qian_observed_2010,
title = {Observed {Long}-{Term} {Trends} for {Agroclimatic} {Conditions} in {Canada}},
volume = {49},
issn = {1558-8424, 1558-8432},
url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/49/4/2009jamc2275.1.xml},
doi = {10.1175/2009JAMC2275.1},
abstract = {{\textless}section class="abstract"{\textgreater}{\textless}h2
class="abstractTitle text-title my-1"
id="d46601001e91"{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}A
set of agroclimatic indices representing Canadian climatic conditions for field crop
production are analyzed for long-term trends during 1895–2007. The indices are
categorized for three crop types: cool season, warm season, and overwintering. Results
indicate a significant lengthening of the growing season due to a significantly earlier
start and a significantly later end of the growing season. Significant positive trends
are also observed for effective growing degree-days and crop heat units at most
locations across the country. The occurrence of extremely low temperatures has become
less frequent during the nongrowing season, implying a more favorable climate for
overwinter survival. In addition, the total numbers of cool days, frost days, and
killing-frost days within a growing season have a decreasing trend. This means that
crops may also be less vulnerable to cold stress and injury during the growing season.
Extreme daily precipitation amounts and 10-day precipitation totals during the growing
season have been increasing. Significant trends associated with increased availability
of water during the growing season are identified by the standardized precipitation
index and seasonal water deficits. The benefit of the increased precipitation may have
been offset by an upward trend in evaporative demand; however, this would depend on the
amount of growth and productivity resulting from increased actual
evapotranspiration.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/section{\textgreater}},
language = {EN},
number = {4},
urldate = {2021-08-02},
journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
author = {Qian, Budong and Zhang, Xuebin and Chen, Kai and Feng, Yang and O’Brien, Ted},
month = {apr},
year = {2010},
note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society Section: Journal of Applied
Meteorology and Climatology},
pages = {604--618}
}
@article{bootsma_impacts_2005,
title = {Impacts of potential climate change on selected agroclimatic indices in
{Atlantic} {Canada}},
volume = {85},
issn = {0008-4271, 1918-1841},
url = {https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.4141/S04-019},
doi = {10.4141/S04-019},
abstract = {Bootsma, A., Gameda, S. and McKenney, D. W. 2005. Impacts of potential
climate change on selected agroclimatic indices in Atlantic Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci.
85: 329–343. Agroclimatic indices (heat units and water deficits) were determined for
the Atlantic region of Canada for a baseline climate (1961 to 1990 period) and for two
future time periods (2010 to 2039 and 2040 to 2069). Climate scenarios for the future
periods were primarily based on outputs from the Canadian General Circulation Model
(GCM) that included the effects of aerosols (CGCMI-A), but variability introduced by
multiple GCM experiments was also examined. Climatic data for all three periods were
interpolated to a grid of about 10 to 15 km. Agroclimatic indices were computed and
mapped based on the gridded data. Based on CGCMI-A scenarios interpolated to the fine
grid, average crop heat units (CHU) would increase by 300 to 500 CHU for the 2010 to
2039 period and by 500 to 700 CHU for the 2040 to 2069 period in the main agricultural
areas of the Atlantic region. However, increases in CHU for the 2040 to 2069 period
typically varied from 450 to 1650 units in these regions when variability among GCM
experiments was considered, resulting in a projected range of 2650 to 4000 available
CHU. Effective growing degree-days above 5°C (EGDD) typically increased by about 400
units for the 2040 to 2069 period in the main agricultural areas, resulting in
available EGDD from 1800 to over 2000 units. Uncertainty introduced by multiple GCMs
increased the range from 1700 to 2700 EGDD. A decrease in heat units (cooling) is
anticipated along part of the coast of Labrador. Anticipated changes in water deficits
(DEFICIT), defined as the amount by which potential evapotranspiration exceeded
precipitation over the growing season, typically ranged from +50 to –50 mm for both
periods, but this range widened from +50 to –100 mm when variability among GCM
experiments was considered. The greatest increases in deficits were expected in the
central region of New Brunswick for the 2040 to 2069 period. Our interpolation
procedures estimated mean winter and summer temperature changes that were 1.4°C on
average lower than a statistical downscaling procedure (SDSM) for four locations.
Increases in precipitation during summer and autumn averaged 20\% less than SDSM.
During periods when SDSM estimated relatively small changes in temperature or
precipitation, our interpolation procedure tended to produce changes that were larger
than SDSM. Additional investigations would be beneficial that explore the impact of a
range of scenarios from other GCM models, other downscaling methods and the potential
effects of change in climate variability on these agroclimatic indices. Potential
impacts of these changes on crop yields and production in the region also need to be
explored.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2022-11-16},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Soil Science},
author = {Bootsma, A. and Gameda {and} D.W. McKenney, S.},
month = {may},
year = {2005},
pages = {329--343}
}
@article{kenny_assessment_1992,
title = {An assessment of a latitude-temperature index for predicting climate suitability
for grapes in {Europe}},
volume = {67},
issn = {0022-1589},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1992.11516243},
doi = {10.1080/00221589.1992.11516243},
abstract = {The climatic suitability of wine grape classes in Europe was mapped using a
latitude- temperature index. It was found necessary to superimpose a constraint based
on a minimum temperature of the coldest month of —3°C to exclude those areas where
winters are too severe for vine survival. The index, combined with this constraint,
proved a useful indicator of current climatic potential of wine grapes. A sensitivity
analysis, using arbitrary adjustments to temperature, suggested that even a 1°C warming
could lead to a significant expansion in potential of viticulture. More critical
examination, using GCM projections of global warming, and more site or region specific
studies are recommended.},
number = {2},
urldate = {2021-06-16},
journal = {Journal of Horticultural Science},
author = {Kenny, G. J. and Shao, J.},
month = {jan},
year = {1992},
note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis \_eprint:
https://doi.org/10.1080/00221589.1992.11516243},
pages = {239--246}
}
@unpublished{gregory_cf_2003,
address = {Centre for Global Atmospheric Modelling, Department of Meteorology, University
of Reading, UK, and Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK},
type = {Proposal},
title = {The {CF} {Metadata} {Standard}},
url = {http://cfconventions.org/Data/cf-documents/overview/article.pdf},
language = {en},
urldate = {2019-07-03},
author = {Gregory, Jonathan},
month = {nov},
year = {2003}
}
@techreport{eaton_netcdf_nodate,
title = {{NetCDF} {Climate} and {Forecast} ({CF}) {Metadata} {Conventions}},
url = {http://cfconventions.org/Data/cf-conventions/cf-conventions-1.7/cf-conventions.pdf},
language = {en},
urldate = {2019-07-03},
author = {Eaton, Brian and Gregory, Jonathan and Drach, Bob and Taylor, Karl and Hankin,
Steve and Blower, Jon and Caron, John and Signell, Rich and Bentley, Phil and Rappa,
Greg and Höck, Heinke and Pamment, Alison and Juckes, Martin and Raspaud, Martin},
pages = {156}
}
@misc{environment_and_climate_change_canada_about_nodate,
title = {About — {Climate} {Data} {Canada}},
url = {https://climatedata.ca/about/},
urldate = {2019-07-02},
author = {{Environment and Climate Change Canada}}
}
@article{casati_regional_2013,
title = {Regional {Climate} {Projections} of {Extreme} {Heat} {Events} in {Nine} {Pilot}
{Canadian} {Communities} for {Public} {Health} {Planning}},
volume = {52},
issn = {1558-8424},
url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/full/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0341.1},
doi = {10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0341.1},
abstract = {Public health planning needs the support of evidence-based information on
current and future climate, which could be used by health professionals and decision
makers to better understand and respond to the health impacts of extreme heat. Climate
models provide information regarding the expected increase in temperatures and extreme
heat events with climate change and can help predict the severity of future health
impacts, which can be used in the public health sector for the development of
adaptation strategies to reduce heat-related morbidity and mortality. This study
analyzes the evolution of extreme temperature indices specifically defined to
characterize heat events associated with health risks, in the context of a changing
climate. The analysis is performed by using temperature projections from the Canadian
Regional Climate Model. A quantile-based statistical correction is applied to the
projected temperatures, in order to reduce model biases and account for the
representativeness error. Moreover, generalized Pareto distributions are used to extend
the temperature distribution upper tails and extrapolate the statistical correction to
extremes that are not observed in the present but that might occur in the future. The
largest increase in extreme daytime temperatures occurs in southern Manitoba, Canada,
where the already overly dry climate and lack of soil moisture can lead to an
uncontrolled enhancement of hot extremes. The occurrence of warm nights and heat waves,
on the other hand, is already large and will increase substantially in the communities
of the Great Lakes region, characterized by a humid climate. Impact and adaptation
studies need to account for the temperature variability due to local effects, since it
can be considerably larger than the model natural variability.},
language = {en},
number = {12},
urldate = {2019-07-02},
journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},
author = {Casati, Barbara and Yagouti, Abderrahmane and Chaumont, Diane},
month = {jul},
year = {2013},
pages = {2669--2698}
}
@article{beniston_trends_2009,
title = {Trends in joint quantiles of temperature and precipitation in {Europe} since
1901 and projected for 2100},
volume = {36},
copyright = {Copyright 2009 by the American Geophysical Union.},
issn = {1944-8007},
url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2008GL037119},
doi = {10.1029/2008GL037119},
abstract = {This study assesses the changes in the exceedances of joint extremes of
temperature and precipitation quantiles for a number of sites in Europe. The
combination of cool/dry, cool/wet, warm/dry and warm/wet modes reveals a systematic
change at all locations investigated in the course of the 20th century, with
significant declines in the frequency of occurrence of the “cold” modes and a sharp
rise in that of the “warm” modes. The changing behavior of these four modes is also
accompanied by changes in the particular conditions of temperature and precipitation
associated with each mode; for example, the average amount of precipitation during
cool/wet events decreases while that during warm/wet events increases, even though mean
precipitation at most locations shows no significant trend. In a “greenhouse climate”,
the “cool” modes are almost totally absent by 2100 whereas the warm/dry and warm/wet
modes pursue the progression already observed in the 20th century.},
language = {en},
number = {7},
urldate = {2019-07-02},
journal = {Geophysical Research Letters},
author = {Beniston, Martin},
year = {2009},
keywords = {climate extremes, quantiles}
}
@misc{dask_development_team_dask:_2016,
title = {Dask: {Library} for dynamic task scheduling},
url = {https://dask.org},
author = {{Dask Development Team}},
year = {2016}
}
@article{hoyer_xarray:_2017,
title = {xarray: {N}-{D} labeled {Arrays} and {Datasets} in {Python}},
volume = {5},
issn = {2049-9647},
shorttitle = {xarray},
url = {https://openresearchsoftware.metajnl.com/articles/10.5334/jors.148/},
doi = {10.5334/jors.148},
language = {en},
urldate = {2022-11-16},
journal = {Journal of Open Research Software},
author = {Hoyer, Stephan and Hamman, Joseph J.},
month = {apr},
year = {2017},
pages = {10}
}
@techreport{project_team_eca&d_algorithm_2013,
address = {De Bilt, Netherlands},
type = {Project {Description}},
title = {Algorithm {Theoretical} {Basis} {Document} ({ATBD})},
language = {en},
number = {EPJ029135},
institution = {Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute KNMI},
author = {{Project team ECA\&D} and {KNMI}},
month = {sep},
year = {2013},
pages = {46}
}
@article{rizzo_energy_2016,
title = {Energy distance},
volume = {8},
issn = {1939-0068},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wics.1375},
doi = {10.1002/wics.1375},
abstract = {Energy distance is a metric that measures the distance between the
distributions of random vectors. Energy distance is zero if and only if the
distributions are identical, thus it characterizes equality of distributions and
provides a theoretical foundation for statistical inference and analysis. Energy
statistics are functions of distances between observations in metric spaces. As a
statistic, energy distance can be applied to measure the difference between a sample
and a hypothesized distribution or the difference between two or more samples in
arbitrary, not necessarily equal dimensions. The name energy is inspired by the close
analogy with Newton's gravitational potential energy. Applications include testing
independence by distance covariance, goodness-of-fit, nonparametric tests for equality
of distributions and extension of analysis of variance, generalizations of clustering
algorithms, change point analysis, feature selection, and more. WIREs Comput Stat 2016,
8:27–38. doi: 10.1002/wics.1375 This article is categorized under: Statistical and
Graphical Methods of Data Analysis {\textgreater} Multivariate Analysis Statistical and
Graphical Methods of Data Analysis {\textgreater} Nonparametric Methods},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2022-07-15},
journal = {WIREs Computational Statistics},
author = {Rizzo, Maria L. and Székely, Gábor J.},
year = {2016},
note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wics.1375},
keywords = {DISCO, distance correlation, goodness-of-fit, independence, Multivariate},
pages = {27--38}
}
@article{szekely_testing_2004,
title = {Testing for equal distributions in high dimension},
volume = {5},
abstract = {We propose a new nonparametric test for equality of two or more multivariate
distributions based on Euclidean distance between sample elements. Several consistent
tests for comparing multivariate distribu-tions can be developed from the underlying
theoretical results. The test procedure for the multisample problem is developed and
applied for testing the composite hypothesis of equal distributions, when
dis-tributions are unspecified. The proposed test is universally consistent against all
fixed alternatives (not necessarily continuous) with finite second moments. The test is
implemented by conditioning on the pooled sample to obtain an approximate permutation
test, which is distribution free. Our Monte Carlo power study suggests that the new
test may be much more sensitive than tests based on nearest neighbors against several
classes of alternatives, and performs particularly well in high dimension.
Computational complexity of our test procedure is independent of dimension and number
of populations sampled. The test is applied in a high dimensional problem, testing
microarray data from cancer samples.},
journal = {InterStat},
author = {Szekely, Gabor and Rizzo, Maria},
month = {nov},
year = {2004}
}
@book{audet_atlas_2012,
address = {Québec},
title = {Atlas agroclimatique du {Québec}. Évaluation des opportunités et des risques
agroclimatiques dans un climat en évolution.},
isbn = {978-2-89146-817-6},
url = {https://espace.inrs.ca/id/eprint/2406/},
language = {fr},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
publisher = {INRS, Centre Eau, Terre et Environnement},
author = {Audet, René and Côté, Hélène and Bachand, Denise and Mailhot, Alain},
month = {jun},
year = {2012},
note = {Issue: R1518 Number: R1518}
}
@misc{xu_anuclim_2010,
title = {{ANUCLIM} {Version} 6.1 {User} {Guide}},
url = {https://fennerschool.anu.edu.au/files/anuclim61.pdf},
language = {en},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
publisher = {The Australian National University},
author = {Xu, Tingbao and Hutchinson, Michael},
year = {2010}
}
@article{mekis_observed_2015,
title = {Observed {Trends} in {Severe} {Weather} {Conditions} {Based} on {Humidex},
{Wind} {Chill}, and {Heavy} {Rainfall} {Events} in {Canada} for 1953–2012},
volume = {53},
issn = {0705-5900, 1480-9214},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07055900.2015.1086970},
doi = {10.1080/07055900.2015.1086970},
abstract = {Observed trends in severe weather conditions based on public alert statements
issued by Environment Canada are examined for Canada. Changes in extreme heat and
extreme cold events represented by various humidex and wind chill indices are analyzed
for 1953–2012 at 126 climatological stations. Changes in heavy rainfall events based on
rainfall amounts provided by tipping bucket rainfall gauges are analyzed for 1960–2012
at 285 stations. The results show that extreme heat events, defined as days with at
least one hourly humidex value above 30, have increased significantly at more than 36\%
of the stations, most of which are located south of 55°N; days with nighttime hourly
humidex values remaining above 20 have increased significantly at more than 52\% of the
stations, most of which are located south of 50°N. Extreme cold events represented by
days with at least one hourly wind chill value below −30 have decreased significantly
at more than 76\% of the stations across the country. No consistent changes were found
in heavy rainfall events. Because city residents are very vulnerable to severe weather
events, detailed results on changes in extreme heat, extreme cold, and heavy rainfall
events are also provided for ten urban centres.},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2022-11-16},
journal = {Atmosphere-Ocean},
author = {Mekis, Éva and Vincent, Lucie A. and Shephard, Mark W. and Zhang, Xuebin},
month = {aug},
year = {2015},
pages = {383--397}
}
@article{osczevski_new_2005,
title = {The {New} {Wind} {Chill} {Equivalent} {Temperature} {Chart}},
volume = {86},
issn = {0003-0007, 1520-0477},
url = {https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/86/10/bams-86-10-1453.xml},
doi = {10.1175/BAMS-86-10-1453},
abstract = {The formula used in the U.S. and Canada to express the combined effect of
wind and low temperature on how cold it feels was changed in November 2001. Many had
felt that the old formula for equivalent temperature, derived in the 1960s from Siple
and Passel's flawed but quite useful Wind Chill Index, unnecessarily exaggerated the
severity of the weather. The new formula is based on a mathematical model of heat flow
from the upwind side of a head-sized cylinder moving at walking speed into the wind.
The paper details the assumptions that were made in generating the new wind chill
charts. It also points out weaknesses in the concept of wind chill equivalent
temperature, including its steady-state character and a seemingly paradoxical effect of
the internal thermal resistance of the cylinder on comfort and equivalent temperature.
Some improvements and alternatives are suggested.},
language = {en},
number = {10},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society},
author = {Osczevski, Randall and Bluestein, Maurice},
month = {oct},
year = {2005},
note = {Publisher: American Meteorological Society Section: Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society},
pages = {1453--1458}
}
@misc{us_department_of_commerce_wind_nodate,
title = {Wind {Chill} {Questions}},
copyright = {https://www.weather.gov/disclaimer},
url = {https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-faqs},
abstract = {Wind Chill Questions},
language = {EN-US},
urldate = {2022-11-16},
author = {US Department of Commerce, NOAA},
note = {Publisher: NOAA's National Weather Service}
}
@article{clausius_ueber_1850,
title = {Ueber die bewegende {Kraft} der {Wärme} und die {Gesetze}, welche sich daraus
für die {Wärmelehre} selbst ableiten lassen},
volume = {155},
issn = {1521-3889},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/andp.18501550403},
doi = {10.1002/andp.18501550403},
language = {en},
number = {4},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {Annalen der Physik},
author = {Clausius, R.},
year = {1850},
note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/andp.18501550403},
pages = {500--524}
}
@article{baier_estimation_1965,
title = {Estimation of latent evaporation from simple weather observations},
volume = {45},
issn = {0008-4220},
url = {https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.4141/cjps65-051},
doi = {10.4141/cjps65-051},
number = {3},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {Canadian Journal of Plant Science},
author = {Baier, W. and Robertson, Geo. W.},
month = {may},
year = {1965},
note = {Publisher: NRC Research Press},
pages = {276--284}
}
@article{george_h_hargreaves_reference_1985,
title = {Reference {Crop} {Evapotranspiration} from {Temperature}},
volume = {1},
issn = {0883-8542},
doi = {10.13031/2013.26773},
abstract = {MEASURED lysimeter evapotranspiration of Alta fescue grass (a cool season
grass) is taken as an index of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). An equation is
presented that estimates ETo from measured values of daily or mean values of maximum
and minimum temperature. This equation is compared with various other methods for
estimating ETo. The equation was developed using eight years of daily lysimeter data
from Davis, California and used to estimate values of ETo for other locations.
Comparisons with other methods with measured cool season grass evapotranspiration at
Aspendale, Australia; Lompoc, California; and Seabrook, New Jersey; with lysimeter data
from Damin, Haiti; and with the modified Penman for various locations in Bangladesh
indicated that the method usually does not require local calibration and that the
estimated values are probably as reliable and useable as those from the other
estimating methods used for comparison. Considering the scarcity of complete and
reliable climatic data for estimating crop water requirements in developing countries,
this proposed method can do much to improve irrigation planning design and scheduling
in the developing countries.},
language = {English},
number = {2},
journal = {Applied engineering in agriculture},
author = {{George H. Hargreaves} and {Zohrab A. Samani}},
year = {1985},
note = {PubAg AGID: 5662005},
keywords = {Australia, Bangladesh, California, cool season grasses, developing countries,
equations, evapotranspiration, Festuca, Haiti, irrigation, lysimeters, New Jersey,
planning, temperature},
pages = {96--99}
}
@article{tanguy_historical_2018,
title = {Historical gridded reconstruction of potential evapotranspiration for the {UK}},
volume = {10},
issn = {1866-3508},
url = {https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/10/951/2018/},
doi = {10.5194/essd-10-951-2018},
abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a necessary
input data for most hydrological models and is often needed at a daily time step. An
accurate estimation of PET requires many input climate variables which are, in most
cases, not available prior to the 1960s for the UK, nor indeed most parts of the world.
Therefore, when applying hydrological models to earlier periods, modellers have to rely
on PET estimations derived from simplified methods. Given that only monthly observed
temperature data is readily available for the late 19th and early 20th century at a
national scale for the UK, the objective of this work was to derive the best possible
UK-wide gridded PET dataset from the limited data available.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}
{\textless}p{\textgreater}To that end, firstly, a combination of (i) seven
temperature-based PET equations, (ii) four different calibration approaches and (iii)
seven input temperature data were evaluated. For this evaluation, a gridded daily PET
product based on the physically based Penman–Monteith equation (the CHESS PET dataset)
was used, the rationale being that this provides a reliable “ground truth” PET dataset
for evaluation purposes, given that no directly observed, distributed PET datasets
exist. The performance of the models was also compared to a “naïve method”, which is
defined as the simplest possible estimation of PET in the absence of any available
climate data. The “naïve method” used in this study is the CHESS PET daily long-term
average (the period from 1961 to 1990 was chosen), or CHESS-PET daily
climatology.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}The analysis revealed
that the type of calibration and the input temperature dataset had only a minor effect
on the accuracy of the PET estimations at catchment scale. From the seven equations
tested, only the calibrated version of the McGuinness–Bordne equation was able to
outperform the “naïve method” and was therefore used to derive the gridded,
reconstructed dataset. The equation was calibrated using 43 catchments across Great
Britain.{\textless}/p{\textgreater} {\textless}p{\textgreater}The dataset produced is a
5\ km gridded PET dataset for the period 1891 to 2015, using the Met Office
5\ km monthly gridded temperature data available for that time period as input
data for the PET equation. The dataset includes daily and monthly PET grids and is
complemented with a suite of mapped performance metrics to help users assess the
quality of the data spatially.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}
{\textless}p{\textgreater}This dataset is expected to be particularly valuable as input
to hydrological models for any catchment in the UK.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}
{\textless}p{\textgreater}The data can be accessed at {\textless}a
href="https://doi.org/10.5285/17b9c4f7-1c30-4b6f-b2fe-f7780159939c"{\textgreater}https://doi.org/10.5285/17b9c4f7-1c30-4b6f-b2fe-f7780159939c{\textless}/a{\textgreater}.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
language = {English},
number = {2},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {Earth System Science Data},
author = {Tanguy, Maliko and Prudhomme, Christel and Smith, Katie and Hannaford, Jamie},
month = {jun},
year = {2018},
note = {Publisher: Copernicus GmbH},
pages = {951--968}
}
@techreport{mcguinness_comparison_1972,
title = {A {Comparison} of {Lysimeter}-{Derived} {Potential} {Evapotranspiration} {With}
{Computed} {Values}},
url = {https://ideas.repec.org/p/ags/uerstb/171893.html},
abstract = {No abstract is available for this item.},
language = {en},
number = {171893},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
institution = {United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service},
author = {McGuinness, J. L. and Borone, Erich F.},
year = {1972},
note = {Publication Title: Technical Bulletins},
keywords = {Crop Production/Industries, Production Economics}
}
@article{thornthwaite_approach_1948,
title = {An {Approach} toward a {Rational} {Classification} of {Climate}},
volume = {38},
issn = {0016-7428},
url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/210739},
doi = {10.2307/210739},
number = {1},
urldate = {2023-01-31},
journal = {Geographical Review},
author = {Thornthwaite, C. W.},
year = {1948},
note = {Publisher: [American Geographical Society, Wiley]},
pages = {55--94}
}
@misc{brode_utci_2009,
title = {{UTCI}},
copyright = {MIT License},
url = {http://www.utci.org/public/UTCI%20Program%20Code/UTCI_a002.f90},
abstract = {Program for calculating UTCI Temperature (UTCI) released for public use after
termination of COST Action 730},
author = {Bröde, Peter},
month = {oct},
year = {2009}
}
@article{blazejczyk_introduction_2013,
title = {An introduction to the {Universal} {Thermal} {Climate} {Index} ({UTCI})},
volume = {86},
url = { https://repository.lboro.ac.uk/articles/journal_contribution/An_introduction_to_the_Universal_Thermal_Climate_Index_UTCI_/9347024/1},
doi = {10.7163/GPol.2013.1},
abstract = {The assessment of the thermal environment is one of the main issues in
bioclimatic research, and more than 100 simple bioclimatic indices have thus far been
developed to facilitate it. However, most of these indices have proved to be of limited
applicability, and do not portroy the actual impacts of thermal conditions on human
beings. Indices derived from human heatbalance models (one- or two-node) have been
found to offer a better representation of the environmental impact in question than do
simple ones. Indeed, the new generation of multi-node models for human heat balance do
allow full account to be taken of heat transfer and exchange, both within the human
body and between the body surface and the surrounding air layer. In this paper, it is
essential background information regarding the newly-developed Universal Thermal
Climate Index UTCI that is presented, this in fact deriving from the Fiala multi-node
model of human heatbalance. The UTCI is defined as the air temperature (Ta) of the
reference condition causing the same model response as actual conditions. UTCI was
developed in 2009 by virtue of international co-operation between leading experts in
the areas of human thermophysiology, physiological modelling, meteorology and
climatology. The necessary research for this had been conducted within the framework of
a special commission of the International Society of Biometeorology (ISB) and European
COST Action 730.},
language = {en},
number = {1},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {Geographica Polonica},
author = {Błażejczyk, Krzysztof and Jendritzky, Gerd and Bröde, Peter and Fiala, Dusan
and Havenith, George and Epstein, Yoram and Psikuta, Agnes and Kampmann, Bernhardt},
month = {jan},
year = {2013},
note = {Publisher: Loughborough University},
pages = {5--10}
}
@article{liljegren_modeling_2008,
title = {Modeling the wet bulb globe temperature using standard meteorological
measurements},
volume = {5},
issn = {1545-9632},
doi = {10.1080/15459620802310770},
abstract = {The U.S. Army has a need for continuous, accurate estimates of the wet bulb
globe temperature to protect soldiers and civilian workers from heat-related injuries,
including those involved in the storage and destruction of aging chemical munitions at
depots across the United States. At these depots, workers must don protective clothing
that increases their risk of heat-related injury. Because of the difficulty in making
continuous, accurate measurements of wet bulb globe temperature outdoors, the authors
have developed a model of the wet bulb globe temperature that relies only on standard
meteorological data available at each storage depot for input. The model is composed of
separate submodels of the natural wet bulb and globe temperatures that are based on
fundamental principles of heat and mass transfer, has no site-dependent parameters, and
achieves an accuracy of better than 1 degree C based on comparisons with wet bulb globe
temperature measurements at all depots.},
language = {eng},
number = {10},
journal = {Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene},
author = {Liljegren, James C. and Carhart, Richard A. and Lawday, Philip and Tschopp,
Stephen and Sharp, Robert},
month = {oct},
year = {2008},
pmid = {18668404},
keywords = {Data Collection, Environmental Monitoring, Heat Stress Disorders, Hot
Temperature, Humans, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Protective Clothing,
United States, Weather},
pages = {645--655}
}
@article{kong_explicit_2022,
title = {Explicit {Calculations} of {Wet}-{Bulb} {Globe} {Temperature} {Compared} {With}
{Approximations} and {Why} {It} {Matters} for {Labor} {Productivity}},
volume = {10},
issn = {2328-4277},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021EF002334},
doi = {10.1029/2021EF002334},
abstract = {Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a widely applied heat stress index.
However, most applications of WBGT within the heat stress impact literature that do not
use WBGT at all, but use one of the ad hoc approximations, typically the simplified
WBGT (sWBGT) or the environmental stress index (ESI). Surprisingly, little is known
about how well these approximations work for the global climate and climate change
settings that they are being applied to. Here, we assess the bias distribution as a
function of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiative conditions of both sWBGT
and ESI relative to a well-validated, explicit physical model for WBGT developed by
Liljegren, within an idealized context and the more realistic setting of ERA5
reanalysis data. sWBGT greatly overestimates heat stress in hot-humid areas. ESI has
much smaller biases in the range of standard climatological conditions. Over
subtropical dry regions, both metrics can substantially underestimate extreme heat. We
show systematic overestimation of labor loss by sWBGT over much of the world today. We
recommend discontinuing the use of sWBGT. ESI may be acceptable for assessing average
heat stress or integrated impact over a long period like a year, but less suitable for
health applications, extreme heat stress analysis, or as an operational index for heat
warning, heatwave forecasting, or guiding activity modification at the workplace.
Nevertheless, Liljegren's approach should be preferred over these ad hoc approximations
and we provide a fast Python implementation to encourage its widespread use.},
language = {en},
number = {3},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {Earth's Future},
author = {Kong, Qinqin and Huber, Matthew},
year = {2022},
note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2021EF002334},
keywords = {bias assessment, environmental stress index, heat stress, labor productivity,
simplified wet-bulb globe temperature, wet-bulb globe temperature},
pages = {e2021EF002334}
}
@article{di_napoli_mean_2020,
title = {Mean radiant temperature from global-scale numerical weather prediction models},
volume = {64},
issn = {1432-1254},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01900-5},
doi = {10.1007/s00484-020-01900-5},
abstract = {In human biometeorology, the estimation of mean radiant temperature (MRT) is
generally considered challenging. This work presents a general framework to compute the
MRT at the global scale for a human subject placed in an outdoor environment and
irradiated by solar and thermal radiation both directly and diffusely. The proposed
framework requires as input radiation fluxes computed by numerical weather prediction
(NWP) models and generates as output gridded globe-wide maps of MRT. It also considers
changes in the Sun’s position affecting radiation components when these are stored by
NWP models as an accumulated-over-time quantity. The applicability of the framework was
demonstrated using NWP reanalysis radiation data from the European Centre for
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Mapped distributions of MRT were correspondingly
computed at the global scale. Comparison against measurements from radiation monitoring
stations showed a good agreement with NWP-based MRT (coefficient of determination
greater than 0.88; average bias equal to 0.42 °C) suggesting its potential as a proxy
for observations in application studies.},
language = {en},
number = {7},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {International Journal of Biometeorology},
author = {Di Napoli, Claudia and Hogan, Robin J. and Pappenberger, Florian},
month = {jul},
year = {2020},
keywords = {Human comfort, Mean radiant temperature, Numerical weather prediction,
Radiation, Validation},
pages = {1233--1245}
}
@misc{brimicombe_thermofeel_2021,
title = {thermofeel: a python thermal comfort indices library},
url = {https://doi.org/10.21957/mp6v-fd16},
publisher = {ECMWF},
author = {Brimicombe, C. and Di Napoli, C., C. and Quintino, T. and Pappenberger, F. and
Cornforth, R. and Cloke, H.},
month = {jul},
year = {2021}
}
@article{baker_new_2004,
title = {A {New} {Flashiness} {Index}: {Characteristics} and {Applications} to
{Midwestern} {Rivers} and {Streams1}},
volume = {40},
issn = {1752-1688},
shorttitle = {A {New} {Flashiness} {Index}},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01046.x},
doi = {10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01046.x},
abstract = {ABSTRACT: The term flashiness reflects the frequency and rapidity of short
term changes in streamflow, especially during runoff events. Flashiness is an important
component of a stream's hydrologic regime. A variety of land use and land management
changes may lead to increased or decreased flashiness, often to the detriment of
aquatic life. This paper presents a newly developed flashiness index, which is based on
mean daily flows. The index is calculated by dividing the pathlength of flow
oscillations for a time interval (i.e., the sum of the absolute values of day-to-day
changes in mean daily flow) by total discharge during that time interval. This index
has low interannual variability, relative to most flow regime indicators, and thus
greater power to detect trends. Index values were calculated for 515 Midwestern streams
for the 27-year period from 1975 through 2001. Statistically significant increases were
present in 22 percent of the streams, primarily in the eastern portion of the study
area, while decreases were present in 9 percent, primarily in the western portion.
Index values tend to decrease with increasing watershed area and with increasing unit
area ground water inputs. Area compensated index values often shift at ecoregion
boundaries. Potential index applications include evaluation of programs to restore more
natural flow regimes.},
language = {en},
number = {2},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association},
author = {Baker, David B. and Richards, R. Peter and Loftus, Timothy T. and Kramer, Jack
W.},
year = {2004},
note = {\_eprint:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01046.x},
keywords = {agricultural hydrology, flashiness index, Indicators of Hydrological
Alteration, stormwater management, stream flashiness, surface water hydrology,
watershed management},
pages = {503--522}
}
@article{robinson_definition_2001,
title = {On the {Definition} of a {Heat} {Wave}},
volume = {40},
issn = {1520-0450, 0894-8763},
url = { https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/apme/40/4/1520-0450_2001_040_0762_otdoah_2.0.co_2.xml},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450%282001%29040<0762:OTDOAH>2.0.CO;2},
abstract = {Abstract Heat waves are a major cause of weather-related deaths. With the
current concern for global warming it is reasonable to suppose that they may increase
in frequency, severity, duration, or areal extent in the future. However, in the
absence of an adequate definition of a heat wave, it is impossible to assess either
changes in the past or possible consequences for the future. A set of definitions is
proposed here, based on the criteria for heat stress forecasts developed by the
National Weather Service (NWS). Watches or warnings are issued when thresholds of
daytime high and nighttime low heat index (Hi) values are exceeded for at least two
consecutive days. The heat index is a combination of ambient temperature and humidity
that approximates the environmental aspect of the thermal regime of a human body, with
the NWS thresholds representing a generalized estimate of the onset of physiological
stress. These thresholds cannot be applied directly nationwide. In hot and humid
regions, physical, social, and cultural adaptations will require that the thresholds be
set higher to ensure that only those events perceived as stressful are identified. In
other, cooler, areas the NWS criteria may never be reached even though unusually hot
events may be perceived as heat waves. Thus, it is likely that a similar number of
perceived heat events will occur in all regions, with the thresholds varying
regionally. Hourly Hi for 178 stations in the coterminous United States was analyzed
for the 1951–90 period to determine appropriate threshold criteria. Use of the NWS
criteria alone indicated that much of the nation had less than three heat waves per
decade, and this value was adopted as the baseline against which to establish suitable
thresholds. For all areas, a percentile threshold approach was tested. Using all
available data, daytime high and nighttime low thresholds were established separately
for each specific percentile. Heat waves were treated as occurring when conditions
exceeded both the daytime high and the nighttime low thresholds of the same percentile
for two consecutive days. Several thresholds were tested. For much of the South, 1\%
thresholds produced appropriate values. Consequently, a heat wave was defined as a
period of at least 48 h during which neither the overnight low nor the daytime high Hi
falls below the NWS heat stress thresholds (80° and 105°F, respectively), except at
stations for which more than 1\% of both the annual high and low Hi observations exceed
these thresholds, in which case the 1\% values are used as the heat wave thresholds. As
an extension, “hot spells” were similarly defined, but for events falling between the
1\% values and NWS thresholds, with “warm spells” occurring between the 2\% and 1\%
values. Again, stations for which the 1\% or 2\% Hi values exceed the NWS thresholds
were given modified definitions. The preliminary investigation of the timing and
location of heat waves resulting from these definitions indicated that they correctly
identified major epidemiological events. A tentative climatic comparison also suggests
that heat waves are becoming less frequent in the southern and more frequent in the
midwestern and eastern parts of the nation.},
language = {EN},
number = {4},
urldate = {2022-07-29},
journal = {Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology},